
























                              SDCC ASxxxx Assemblers


                                       and


                          SDCC ASLINK Relocating Linker


        CHAPTER 1  THE ASSEMBLER                                     1-1
          1.1     THE ASXXXX ASSEMBLERS                              1-1
          1.1.1     Assembly Pass 1                                  1-2
          1.1.2     Assembly Pass 2                                  1-2
          1.1.3     Assembly Pass 3                                  1-2
          1.2     SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT                              1-3
          1.2.1     Statement Format                                 1-3
          1.2.1.1     Label Field                                    1-3
          1.2.1.2     Operator Field                                 1-5
          1.2.1.3     Operand Field                                  1-5
          1.2.1.4     Comment Field                                  1-6
          1.3     SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS                            1-6
          1.3.1     Character Set                                    1-6
          1.3.2     User-Defined Symbols                            1-10
          1.3.3     Local Symbols                                   1-11
          1.3.4     Current Location Counter                        1-12
          1.3.5     Numbers                                         1-14
          1.3.6     Terms                                           1-14
          1.3.7     Expressions                                     1-15
          1.4     GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES                      1-16
          1.4.1     .module Directive                               1-16
          1.4.2     .title Directive                                1-17
          1.4.3     .sbttl Directive                                1-17
          1.4.4     .page Directive                                 1-17
          1.4.5     .byte and .db Directives                        1-17
          1.4.6     .word and .dw Directives                        1-18
          1.4.7     .blkb, .blkw, and .ds Directives                1-18
          1.4.8     .ascii Directive                                1-18
          1.4.9     .ascis Directive                                1-19
          1.4.10    .asciz Directive                                1-19
          1.4.11    .radix Directive                                1-20
          1.4.12    .even Directive                                 1-20
          1.4.13    .odd Directive                                  1-20
          1.4.14    .area Directive                                 1-21
          1.4.15    .org Directive                                  1-22
          1.4.16    .globl Directive                                1-23
          1.4.17    .if, .else, and .endif Directives               1-23
          1.4.18    .include Directive                              1-24
          1.4.19    .setdp Directive                                1-25
          1.5     INVOKING ASXXXX                                   1-27
          1.6     ERRORS                                            1-28
          1.7     LISTING FILE                                      1-29
          1.8     SYMBOL TABLE FILE                                 1-30
          1.9     OBJECT FILE                                       1-31

        CHAPTER 2  THE LINKER                                        2-1
          2.1     ASLINK RELOCATING LINKER                           2-1
          2.2     INVOKING ASLINK                                    2-2
          2.3     LIBRARY PATH(S) AND FILE(S)                        2-3
          2.4     ASLINK PROCESSING                                  2-4
          2.5     LINKER INPUT FORMAT                                2-5
          2.5.1     Object Module Format                             2-6
          2.5.2     Header Line                                      2-6
          2.5.3     Module Line                                      2-6
          2.5.4     Symbol Line                                      2-6
          2.5.5     Area Line                                        2-7


                                                                 Page ii



          2.5.6     T Line                                           2-7
          2.5.7     R Line                                           2-7
          2.5.8     P Line                                           2-8
          2.6     LINKER ERROR MESSAGES                              2-8
          2.7     INTEL HEX OUTPUT FORMAT                           2-11
          2.8     MOTORLA S1-S9 OUTPUT FORMAT                       2-12

        CHAPTER 3  BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK                        3-1
          3.1     BUILDING AN ASSEMBLER                              3-1
          3.2     BUILDING ASLINK                                    3-2

        APPENDIX A  AS6800 ASSEMBLER                                 A-1
          A.1     6800 REGISTER SET                                  A-1
          A.2     6800 INSTRUCTION SET                               A-1
          A.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            A-2
          A.2.2     Branch Instructions                              A-2
          A.2.3     Single Operand Instructions                      A-3
          A.2.4     Double Operand Instructions                      A-4
          A.2.5     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         A-4
          A.2.6     Long Register Instructions                       A-5

        APPENDIX B  AS6801 ASSEMBLER                                 B-1
          B.1     .hd6303 DIRECTIVE                                  B-1
          B.2     6801 REGISTER SET                                  B-1
          B.3     6801 INSTRUCTION SET                               B-1
          B.3.1     Inherent Instructions                            B-2
          B.3.2     Branch Instructions                              B-2
          B.3.3     Single Operand Instructions                      B-3
          B.3.4     Double Operand Instructions                      B-4
          B.3.5     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         B-5
          B.3.6     Long Register Instructions                       B-5
          B.3.7     6303 Specific Instructions                       B-5

        APPENDIX C  AS6804 ASSEMBLER                                 C-1
          C.1     6804 REGISTER SET                                  C-1
          C.2     6804 INSTRUCTION SET                               C-1
          C.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            C-2
          C.2.2     Branch Instructions                              C-2
          C.2.3     Single Operand Instructions                      C-2
          C.2.4     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         C-2
          C.2.5     Bit Test Instructions                            C-2
          C.2.6     Load Immediate data Instruction                  C-3
          C.2.7     6804 Derived Instructions                        C-3

        APPENDIX D  AS6805 ASSEMBLER                                 D-1
          D.1     6805 REGISTER SET                                  D-1
          D.2     6805 INSTRUCTION SET                               D-1
          D.2.1     Control Instructions                             D-2
          D.2.2     Bit Manipulation Instructions                    D-2
          D.2.3     Branch Instructions                              D-2
          D.2.4     Read-Modify-Write Instructions                   D-3
          D.2.5     Register\Memory Instructions                     D-3


                                                                Page iii



          D.2.6     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         D-4

        APPENDIX E  AS68HC08 ASSEMBLER                               E-1
          E.1     68HC08 REGISTER SET                                E-1
          E.2     68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET                             E-1
          E.2.1     Control Instructions                             E-2
          E.2.2     Bit Manipulation Instructions                    E-2
          E.2.3     Branch Instructions                              E-3
          E.2.4     Complex Branch Instructions                      E-3
          E.2.5     Read-Modify-Write Instructions                   E-4
          E.2.6     Register\Memory Instructions                     E-5
          E.2.7     Double Operand Move Instruction                  E-5
          E.2.8     16-Bit <H:X> Index Register Instructions         E-5
          E.2.9     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         E-5

        APPENDIX F  AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                 F-1
          F.1     6809 REGISTER SET                                  F-1
          F.2     6809 INSTRUCTION SET                               F-1
          F.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            F-3
          F.2.2     Short Branch Instructions                        F-3
          F.2.3     Long Branch Instructions                         F-3
          F.2.4     Single Operand Instructions                      F-4
          F.2.5     Double Operand Instructions                      F-5
          F.2.6     D-register Instructions                          F-5
          F.2.7     Index/Stack Register Instructions                F-5
          F.2.8     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         F-6
          F.2.9     Register - Register Instructions                 F-6
          F.2.10    Condition Code Register Instructions             F-6
          F.2.11    6800 Compatibility Instructions                  F-6

        APPENDIX G  AS6811 ASSEMBLER                                 G-1
          G.1     6811 REGISTER SET                                  G-1
          G.2     6811 INSTRUCTION SET                               G-1
          G.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            G-2
          G.2.2     Branch Instructions                              G-2
          G.2.3     Single Operand Instructions                      G-3
          G.2.4     Double Operand Instructions                      G-4
          G.2.5     Bit Manupulation Instructions                    G-4
          G.2.6     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         G-5
          G.2.7     Long Register Instructions                       G-5

        APPENDIX H  AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                 H-1
          H.1     6816 REGISTER SET                                  H-1
          H.2     6816 INSTRUCTION SET                               H-1
          H.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            H-2
          H.2.2     Push/Pull Multiple Register Instructions         H-3
          H.2.3     Short Branch Instructions                        H-3
          H.2.4     Long Branch Instructions                         H-3
          H.2.5     Bit Manipulation Instructions                    H-3
          H.2.6     Single Operand Instructions                      H-4
          H.2.7     Double Operand Instructions                      H-5
          H.2.8     Index/Stack Register Instructions                H-5


                                                                 Page iv



          H.2.9     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         H-6
          H.2.10    Condition Code Register Instructions             H-6
          H.2.11    Multiply and Accumulate Instructions             H-6

        APPENDIX I  ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                   I-1
          I.1     H8/3XX REGISTER SET                                I-1
          I.2     H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET                             I-1
          I.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            I-2
          I.2.2     Branch Instructions                              I-2
          I.2.3     Single Operand Instructions                      I-3
          I.2.4     Double Operand Instructions                      I-4
          I.2.5     Mov Instructions                                 I-5
          I.2.6     Bit Manipulation Instructions                    I-6
          I.2.7     Extended Bit Manipulation Instructions           I-7
          I.2.8     Condition Code Instructions                      I-7
          I.2.9     Other Instructions                               I-8
          I.2.10    Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         I-8

        APPENDIX J  AS8085 ASSEMBLER                                 J-1
          J.1     8085 REGISTER SET                                  J-1
          J.2     8085 INSTRUCTION SET                               J-1
          J.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            J-2
          J.2.2     Register/Memory/Immediate Instructions           J-2
          J.2.3     Call and Return Instructions                     J-2
          J.2.4     Jump Instructions                                J-2
          J.2.5     Input/Output/Reset Instructions                  J-3
          J.2.6     Move Instructions                                J-3
          J.2.7     Other Instructions                               J-3

        APPENDIX K  ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                  K-1
          K.1     .hd64 DIRECTIVE                                    K-1
          K.2     Z80 REGISTER SET AND CONDITIONS                    K-1
          K.3     Z80 INSTRUCTION SET                                K-2
          K.3.1     Inherent Instructions                            K-3
          K.3.2     Implicit Operand Instructions                    K-3
          K.3.3     Load Instruction                                 K-4
          K.3.4     Call/Return Instructions                         K-4
          K.3.5     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         K-4
          K.3.6     Bit Manipulation Instructions                    K-5
          K.3.7     Interrupt Mode and Reset Instructions            K-5
          K.3.8     Input and Output Instructions                    K-5
          K.3.9     Register Pair Instructions                       K-5
          K.3.10    HD64180 Specific Instructions                    K-6

        APPENDIX L  AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                 L-1
          L.1     ACKNOWLEDGMENT                                     L-1
          L.2     6500 REGISTER SET                                  L-2
          L.3     6500 INSTRUCTION SET                               L-2
          L.3.1     Processor Specific Directives                    L-3
          L.3.2     65xx Core Inherent Instructions                  L-3
          L.3.3     65xx Core Branch Instructions                    L-3
          L.3.4     65xx Core Single Operand Instructions            L-3


                                                                  Page v



          L.3.5     65xx Core Double Operand Instructions            L-4
          L.3.6     65xx Core Jump and Jump to Subroutine
                    Instructions                                     L-4
          L.3.7     65xx Core Miscellaneous X and Y Register
                    Instructions                                     L-4
          L.3.8     65F11 and 65F12 Specific Instructions            L-5
          L.3.9     65C00/21 and 65C29 Specific Instructions         L-5
          L.3.10    65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 Specific
                    Instructions                                     L-6


                                                                 Page vi



        ASxxxx Cross Assemblers, Version 1.7

        Submitted by:
        Alan R.  Baldwin,
        Physics Dept.
        Kent State University
        Kent, Ohio 44242

        Operating System:  TSX+, RT-11, PDOS, MS/DOS, Windows 3.x
        or other supporting K&R C.

        Source Langauge:  C

           The ASxxxx Cross Assembler and Linker package (V1.7 November
        1995) contains cross assemblers for the 6800(6802/6808),
        6801(hd6303), 6804, 6805, 68HC08, 6809, 6811, 68HC16,
        8085(8080), z80(hd64180), H8/3xx, and 6500 series microproces-
        sors.  Complete source code is provided with the assem-
        bler/linker submission.





           The ASxxxx Cross Assembler and Linker package is available
        from Kent State University at shop-pdp.kent.edu by "anonymous"
        FTP.


                                                                Page vii








                                  P R E F A C E





           The  ASxxxx  assemblers  were  written following the style of
        several cross assemblers found in the Digital Equipment Corpora-
        tion  Users  Society  (DECUS)  distribution of the C programming
        language.  The DECUS code was provided with no documentation  as
        to  the  input  syntax  or the output format.  Study of the code
        revealed that the unknown author of the code  had  attempted  to
        formulate  an assembler with attributes similiar to those of the
        PDP-11 MACRO assembler (without macro's).  The  incomplete  code
        from  the  DECUS C distribution has been largely rewritten, only
        the program structure, and C source  file  organization  remains
        relatively  unchanged.   However, I wish to thank the author for
        his contribution to this set of assemblers.

           The  ASLINK  program was written as a companion to the ASxxxx
        assemblers, its design and implementation was not  derived  from
        any other work.

           I  would  greatly  appreciate  receiving  the  details of any
        changes, additions, or errors pertaining to these  programs  and
        will  attempt  to  incorporate  any  fixes  or  generally useful
        changes in a future update to these programs.



                Alan R.  Baldwin
                Kent State University
                Physics Department
                Kent, Ohio 44242


                baldwin@shop-pdp.kent.edu
                tel:  (216) 672 2531
                fax:  (216) 672 2959



               E N D   U S E R   L I C E N S E   A G R E E M E N T





          This  program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
        modify  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License  as
        published  by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or
        (at your option) any later version.

          This  program  is  distributed  in the hope that  it  will  be
        useful,  but  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;  without  even  the  implied
        warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
        See the GNU General Public License for more details.

          You  should  have  received a copy of the GNU  General  Public
        License     along     with    this program.      If not,     see
        <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.














                                    CHAPTER 1

                                  THE ASSEMBLER





        1.1  THE ASXXXX ASSEMBLERS


           The  ASxxxx  assemblers are a series of microprocessor assem-
        blers written in the C programming language.  Each assembler has
        a device specific section which includes:

             1.  device  description, byte order, and file extension in-
                 formation

             2.  a  table  of  the assembler general directives, special
                 device directives, assembler mnemonics  and  associated
                 operation codes

             3.  machine specific code for processing the device mnemon-
                 ics, addressing modes, and special directives

        The device specific information is detailed in the appendices.

           The assemblers have a common device independent section which
        handles the details of file input/output, symbol  table  genera-
        tion,  program/data  areas,  expression  analysis, and assembler
        directive processing.

        The assemblers provide the following features:

             1.  Command string control of assembly functions

             2.  Alphabetized, formatted symbol table listing

             3.  Relocatable object modules

             4.  Global symbols for linking object modules

             5.  Conditional assembly directives



        THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-2
        THE ASXXXX ASSEMBLERS


             6.  Program sectioning directives


           ASxxxx assembles one or more source files into a single relo-
        catable ascii object file.  The output of the ASxxxx  assemblers
        consists of an ascii relocatable object file(*.rel), an assembly
        listing file(*.lst), and a symbol file(*.sym).


        1.1.1  Assembly Pass 1


           During  pass  1, ASxxxx opens all source files and performs a
        rudimenatry assembly of each source statement.  During this pro-
        cess  all symbol tables are built, program sections defined, and
        number of bytes for each assembled source line is estimated.

           At the end of pass 1 all undefined symbols may be made global
        (external) using the ASxxxx switch -g, otherwise undefined  sym-
        bols will be flagged as errors during succeeding passes.


        1.1.2  Assembly Pass 2


           During  pass  2  the ASxxxx assembler resolves forward refer-
        ences and determines the number  of  bytes  for  each  assembled
        line.   The  number  of bytes used by a particular assembler in-
        struction may depend upon the addressing mode, whether  the  in-
        struction allows multiple forms based upon the relative distance
        to the addressed location, or other factors.   Pass  2  resolves
        these cases and determines the address of all symbols.


        1.1.3  Assembly Pass 3


           Pass 3 by the assembler generates the listing file, the relo-
        catable output file, and the symbol tables.  Also during pass  3
        the errors will be reported.

           The  relocatable object file is an ascii file containing sym-
        bol references and definitions, program  area  definitions,  and
        the  relocatable assembled code, the linker ASLINK will use this
        information to generate an absolute load file (Motorola or Intel
        formats).




        THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-3
        SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT


        1.2  SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT



        1.2.1  Statement Format


           A source program is composed of assembly-language statements.
        Each statement must be completed on one line.  A line  may  con-
        tain a maximum of 128 characters, longer lines are truncated and
        lost.

           An  ASxxxx  assembler  statement  may  have  as  many as four
        fields.  These fields are identified by their order  within  the
        statement  and/or  by separating characters between fields.  The
        general format of the ASxxxx statement is:

              [label:]  Operator        Operand         [;Comment(s)]

           The  label and comment fields are optional.  The operator and
        operand fields are interdependent.  The operator field may be an
        assembler  directive or an assembly mnemonic.  The operand field
        may be optional or required as defined in  the  context  of  the
        operator.

           ASxxxx  interprets  and  processes source statements one at a
        time.  Each statement causes a particular operation to  be  per-
        formed.


        1.2.1.1  Label Field  -

           A  label is a user-defined symbol which is assigned the value
        of the current location counter and entered into  the  user  de-
        fined  symbol  table.   The  current location counter is used by
        ASxxxx to assign memory addresses to the source  program  state-
        ments as they are encountered during the assembly process.  Thus
        a label is a means  of  symbolically  referring  to  a  specific
        statement.

           When  a program section is absolute, the value of the current
        location counter is absolute;  its value references an  absolute
        memory  address.   Similarly, when a program section is relocat-
        able, the value of the current location counter is  relocatable.
        A  relocation  bias  calculated at link time is added to the ap-
        parent value of the current location counter  to  establish  its
        effective  absolute  address  at  execution time.  (The user can
        also force the linker to relocate sections defined as  absolute.
        This may be required under special circumstances.)

           If  present,  a  label  must  be  the first field in a source
        statement and must be terminated by a colon (:).   For  example,


        THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-4
        SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT


        if  the  value  of  the  current  location  counter  is absolute
        01F0(H), the statement:

              abcd:     nop

        assigns  the  value  01F0(H) to the label abcd.  If the location
        counter value were relocatable, the final value of abcd would be
        01F0(H)+K, where K represents the relocation bias of the program
        section, as calculated by the linker at link time.

           More  than  one label may appear within a single label field.
        Each label so specified is assigned the same address value.  For
        example,  if  the  value  of  the  current  location  counter is
        1FF0(H), the multiple labels in the following statement are each
        assigned the value 1FF0(H):

              abcd:     aq:     $abc:   nop

           Multiple labels may also appear on successive lines.  For ex-
        ample, the statements

              abcd:
              aq:
              $abc:     nop

        likewise  cause  the  same value to be assigned to all three la-
        bels.

           A  double  colon  (::)  defines the label as a global symbol.
        For example, the statement

              abcd::    nop

        establishes the label abcd as a global symbol.  The distinguish-
        ing attribute of a global symbol is that it  can  be  referenced
        from  within an object module other than the module in which the
        symbol is defined.  References to this label  in  other  modules
        are  resolved when the modules are linked as a composite execut-
        able image.

        The legal characters for defining labels are:

                A through Z
                a through z
                0 through 9
                . (Period)
                $ (Dollar sign)
                _ (underscore)

           A  label may be any length, however, only the first eight (8)
        characters are significant and, therefore must be  unique  among
        all   labels  in  the  source  program  (not  necessarily  among


        THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-5
        SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT


        separately compiled modules).  An error code(s) (m or p) will be
        generated  in the assembly listing if the first eight characters
        in two or more labels are the same.  The m code is caused by the
        redeclaration  of  the symbol or its reference by another state-
        ment.  The p code is generated because the symbols  location  is
        changing on each pass through the source file.

           The  label  must  not  start with the characters 0-9, as this
        designates a local symbol with special attributes described in a
        later section.

           The  label  must  not  start  with  the  sequence $$, as this
        represents the temporary radix 16 for constants.


        1.2.1.2  Operator Field  -

           The  operator field specifies the action to be performed.  It
        may consist of an instruction mnemonic (op code) or an assembler
        directive.

           When  the  operator is an instruction mnemonic, a machine in-
        struction is generated and the assembler evaluates the addresses
        of  the operands which follow.  When the operator is a directive
        ASxxxx performs certain control actions or processing operations
        during assembly of the source program.

           Leading  and  trailing  spaces  or tabs in the operator field
        have no significance;  such characters serve  only  to  separate
        the operator field from the preceeding and following fields.

           An operator is terminated by a space, tab or end of line.


        1.2.1.3  Operand Field  -

           When  the  operator is an instruction mnemonic (op code), the
        operand  field  contains  program  variables  that  are  to   be
        evaluated/manipulated by the operator.

           Operands  may  be  expressions  or  symbols, depending on the
        operator.  Multiple expressions used in the operand  fields  may
        be  separated  by a comma.  An operand should be preceeded by an
        operator field;  if it is not, the statement will give an  error
        (q  or  o).   All  operands  following instruction mnemonics are
        treated as expressions.

           The operand field is terminated by a semicolon when the field
        is followed  by  a  comment.   For  example,  in  the  following
        statement:

              label:    lda     abcd,x          ;Comment field


        THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-6
        SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT



        the  tab  between lda and abcd terminates the operator field and
        defines the beginning of the operand field;  a  comma  separates
        the operands abcd and x;  and a semicolon terminates the operand
        field and defines the beginning of the comment field.   When  no
        comment  field  follows,  the operand field is terminated by the
        end of the source line.


        1.2.1.4  Comment Field  -

           The comment field begins with a semicolon and extends through
        the end of the line.  This field is optional and may contain any
        7-bit ascii character except null.

           Comments  do not affect assembly processing or program execu-
        tion.


        1.3  SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS


           This  section  describes the generic components of the ASxxxx
        assemblers:  the character set, the conventions observed in con-
        structing  symbols,  and  the use of numbers, operators, and ex-
        pressions.


        1.3.1  Character Set


           The following characters are legal in ASxxxx source programs:

             1.  The  letters  A  through Z.  Both upper- and lower-case
                 letters are acceptable.  The assemblers are case sensi-
                 tive,  i.e.  ABCD and abcd are different symbols.  (The
                 assemblers can be made case insensitive by  recompiling
                 with the appropriate switches.)

             2.  The digits 0 through 9

             3.  The  characters . (period), $ (dollar sign), and _ (un-
                 derscore).

             4.  The special characters listed in Tables 1 through 6.


           Tables  1  through  6  describe  the various ASxxxx label and
        field terminators, assignment operators, operand separators, as-
        sembly, unary, binary, and radix operators.


        THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-7
        SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS


        Table 1         Label Terminators and Assignment Operators
        ----------------------------------------------------------------

                :   Colon               Label terminator.

                ::  Double colon        Label  Terminator;   defines the
                                        label as a global label.

                =   Equal sign          Direct assignment operator.

                ==  Double equal        Direct assignment operator;
                    sign                defines  the  symbol as a global
                                        symbol.

        ----------------------------------------------------------------





        Table 2         Field Terminators and Operand Separators
        ----------------------------------------------------------------

                    Tab                 Item or field terminator.

                    Space               Item or field terminator.

                ,   Comma               Operand field separator.

                ;   Semicolon           Comment field indicator.

        ----------------------------------------------------------------





        Table 3         Assembler Operators
        ----------------------------------------------------------------

                #   Number sign         Immediate expression indicator.

                .   Period              Current location counter.

                (   Left parenthesis    Expression delimiter.

                )   Right parenthesis   Expression delimeter.

        ----------------------------------------------------------------


        THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-8
        SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS







        Table 4         Unary Operators
        ----------------------------------------------------------------

                <   Left bracket        <FEDC   Produces  the lower byte
                                                value of the expression.
                                                (DC)

                >   Right bracket       >FEDC   Produces  the upper byte
                                                value of the expression.
                                                (FE)

                +   Plus sign           +A      Positive value of A

                -   Minus sign          -A      Produces   the  negative
                                                (2's complement) of A.

                ~   Tilde               ~A      Produces the 1's comple-
                                                ment of A.

                '   Single quote        'D      Produces  the  value  of
                                                the character D.

                "   Double quote        "AB     Produces the double byte
                                                value for AB.

                \   Backslash           '\n     Unix style characters
                                                \b, \f, \n, \r, \t
                                     or '\001   or octal byte values.

        ----------------------------------------------------------------







        THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-9
        SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS


        Table 5         Binary Operators
        ----------------------------------------------------------------

                <<  Double          0800 << 4   Produces the 4 bit
                    Left bracket                left-shifted   value  of
                                                0800.  (8000)

                >>  Double          0800 >> 4   Produces the 4 bit
                    Right bracket               right-shifted  value  of
                                                0800.  (0080)

                +   Plus sign       A + B       Arithmetic      Addition
                                                operator.

                -   Minus sign      A - B       Arithmetic   Subtraction
                                                operator.

                *   Asterisk        A * B       Arithmetic   Multiplica-
                                                tion operator.   (signed
                                                16-bit)

                /   Slash           A / B       Arithmetic      Division
                                                operator.        (signed
                                                16-bit quotient)

                &   Ampersand       A & B       Logical AND operator.

                |   Bar             A | B       Logical OR operator.

                %   Percent sign    A % B       Modulus operator.
                                                (16-bit value)

                ^   Up arrow or     A ^ B       EXCLUSIVE OR operator.
                    circumflex

        ----------------------------------------------------------------







        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-10
        SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS


        Table 6         Temporary Radix Operators
        ----------------------------------------------------------------

                $%,   0b, 0B            Binary radix operator.

                $&,   0o, 0O, 0q, 0Q    Octal radix operator.

                $#,   0d, 0D            Decimal radix operator.

                $$,   0h, 0H, 0x, 0X    Hexidecimal radix operator.


                Potential  ambiguities arising from the use of 0b and 0d
                as temporary radix operators may be circumvented by pre-
                ceding  all  non-prefixed  hexidecimal  numbers with 00.
                Leading 0's are required in any  case  where  the  first
                hexidecimal  digit is abcdef as the assembler will treat
                the letter sequence as a label.

        ----------------------------------------------------------------







        1.3.2  User-Defined Symbols


           User-defined  symbols are those symbols that are equated to a
        specific value through a direct assignment statement  or  appear
        as  labels.  These symbols are added to the User Symbol Table as
        they are encountered during assembly.

        The following rules govern the creation of user-defined symbols:

             1.  Symbols  can  be  composed  of alphanumeric characters,
                 dollar signs ($),  periods  (.),  and  underscores  (_)
                 only.

             2.  The  first  character  of a symbol must not be a number
                 (except in the case of local symbols).

             3.  The  first eight characters of a symbol must be unique.
                 A symbol can be written  with  more  than  eight  legal
                 characters, but the ninth and subsequent characters are
                 ignored.

             4.  Spaces and Tabs must not be embedded within a symbol.




        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-11
        SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS


        1.3.3  Local Symbols


           Local  symbols are specially formatted symbols used as labels
        within a block of coding that has been delimited as a local sym-
        bol  block.   Local  symbols  are  of  the form n$, where n is a
        decimal integer from 0 to 255,  inclusive.   Examples  of  local
        symbols are:

              1$
              27$
              138$
              244$

           The  range  of  a local symbol block consists of those state-
        ments between two normally constructed  symbolic  labels.   Note
        that a statement of the form:

              ALPHA = EXPRESSION

        is a direct assignment statement but does not create a label and
        thus does not delimit the range of a local symbol block.

           Note that the range of a local symbol block may extend across
        program areas.

           Local symbols provide a convenient means of generating labels
        for branch instructions and other such references  within  local
        symbol  blocks.   Using local symbols reduces the possibility of
        symbols with multiple definitions appearing within a  user  pro-
        gram.   In  addition,  the  use  of local symbols differentiates
        entry-point labels from local labels, since local labels  cannot
        be referenced from outside their respective local symbol blocks.
        Thus, local symbols of the same name can appear in  other  local
        symbol blocks without conflict.  Local symbols require less sym-
        bol table space than normal symbols.  Their use is recommended.

           The  use of the same local symbol within a local symbol block
        will generate one or both of the m or p errors.


        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-12
        SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS


        Example of local symbols:

                a:      ldx     #atable ;get table address
                        lda     #0d48   ;table length
                1$:     clr     ,x+     ;clear
                        deca
                        bne     1$

                b:      ldx     #btable ;get table address
                        lda     #0d48   ;table length
                1$:     clr     ,x+     ;clear
                        deca
                        bne     1$


        1.3.4  Current Location Counter


           The  period  (.) is the symbol for the current location coun-
        ter.  When used in the operand  field  of  an  instruction,  the
        period   represents  the  address  of  the  first  byte  of  the
        instruction:

                AS:     ldx     #.      ;The period (.) refers to
                                        ;the address of the ldx
                                        ;instruction.

           When  used  in  the  operand field of an ASxxxx directive, it
        represents the address of the current byte or word:

                QK = 0

                .word   0xFFFE,.+4,QK   ;The operand .+4 in the .word
                                        ;directive represents a value
                                        ;stored in the second of the
                                        ;three words during assembly.

           If  we  assume  the  current  value of the program counter is
        0H0200, then during assembly, ASxxxx  reserves  three  words  of
        storage  starting  at  location 0H0200.  The first value, a hex-
        idecimal constant FFFE, will be stored at location 0H0200.   The
        second  value  represented  by  .+4  will  be stored at location
        0H0202, its value will be 0H0206 ( = 0H0202  +  4).   The  third
        value  defined  by  the  symbol  QK  will  be placed at location
        0H0204.

           At the beginning of each assembly pass, ASxxxx resets the lo-
        cation counter.  Normally, consecutive memory locations are  as-
        signed  to  each  byte  of  object code generated.  However, the
        value of the location counter can be changed  through  a  direct
        assignment statement of the following form:



        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-13
        SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS


              . = . + expression


           The  new  location  counter can only be specified relative to
        the current location counter.  Neglecting to specify the current
        program  counter  along with the expression on the right side of
        the assignment operator will generate the (.) error.   (Absolute
        program areas may use the .org directive to specify the absolute
        location of the current program counter.)

        The following coding illustrates the use of the current location
        counter:

                .area   CODE1   (ABS)   ;program area CODE1
                                        ;is ABSOLUTE

                .org    0H100           ;set location to
                                        ;0H100 absolute

        num1:   ldx     #.+0H10         ;The label num1 has
                                        ;the value 0H100.
                                        ;X is loaded with
                                        ;0H100 + 0H10

                .org    0H130           ;location counter
                                        ;set to 0H130

        num2:   ldy     #.              ;The label num2 has
                                        ;the value 0H130.
                                        ;Y is loaded with
                                        ;value 0H130.


                .area   CODE2   (REL)   ;program area CODE2
                                        ;is RELOCATABLE

                . = . + 0H20            ;Set location counter
                                        ;to relocatable 0H20 of
                                        ;the program section.

        num3:   .word   0               ;The label num3 has
                                        ;the value
                                        ;of relocatable 0H20.

                . = . + 0H40            ;will reserve 0H40
                                        ;bytes of storage as will
                .blkb   0H40            ;or
                .blkw   0H20

           The  .blkb  and .blkw directives are the preferred methods of
        allocating space.



        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-14
        SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS


        1.3.5  Numbers


           ASxxxx  assumes that all numbers in the source program are to
        be interpreted in decimal radix unless otherwise specified.  The
        .radix  directive  may  be used to specify the default as octal,
        decimal, or hexidecimal.  Individual numbers can  be  designated
        as  binary, octal, decimal, or hexidecimal through the temporary
        radix prefixes shown in table 6.

           Negative  numbers  must be preceeded by a minus sign;  ASxxxx
        translates such numbers into two's  complement  form.   Positive
        numbers may (but need not) be preceeded by a plus sign.

           Numbers are always considered to be absolute values, therefor
        they are never relocatable.


        1.3.6  Terms


           A  term is a component of an expression and may be one of the
        following:


             1.  A number.

             2.  A symbol:
                 1.  A  period (.) specified in an expression causes the
                     current location counter to be used.
                 2.  A User-defined symbol.
                 3.  An undefined symbol is assigned a value of zero and
                     inserted in the User-Defined symbol table as an un-
                     defined symbol.

             3.  A single quote followed by a single ascii character, or
                 a double quote followed by two ascii characters.

             4.  An  expression enclosed in parenthesis.  Any expression
                 so enclosed is evaluated and reduced to a  single  term
                 before  the remainder of the expression in which it ap-
                 pears is evaluated.  Parenthesis, for example,  may  be
                 used  to  alter the left-to-right evaluation of expres-
                 sions, (as in A*B+C versus A*(B+C)), or to apply a  un-
                 ary operator to an entire expression (as in -(A+B)).

             5.  A unary operator followed by a symbol or number.





        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-15
        SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS


        1.3.7  Expressions


           Expressions  are  combinations  of  terms  joined together by
        binary operators.  Expressions reduce to a  16-bit  value.   The
        evaluation  of  an  expression includes the determination of its
        attributes.  A resultant expression value may be  one  of  three
        types  (as  described  later in this section):  relocatable, ab-
        solute, and external.

        Expressions are evaluate with an operand hierarchy as follows:

                *       /       %       multiplication,
                                        division, and
                                        modulus first.

                +       -               addition and
                                        subtraction second.

                <<      >>              left shift and
                                        right shift third.

                ^                       exclusive or fourth.

                &                       logical and fifth.

                |                       logical or last

                except that unary operators take precedence over binary
                operators.


           A  missing  or  illegal  operator  terminates  the expression
        analysis, causing error codes (o) and/or  (q)  to  be  generated
        depending upon the context of the expression itself.

           At assembly time the value of an external (global) expression
        is equal to the value of the absolute part of  that  expression.
        For  example,  the expression external+4, where 'external' is an
        external symbol, has the value of 4.  This expression,  however,
        when  evaluated  at link time takes on the resolved value of the
        symbol 'external', plus 4.

           Expressions,  when  evaluated  by  ASxxxx,  are  one of three
        types:  relocatable, absolute, or external.  The following  dis-
        tinctions are important:

             1.  An  expression is relocatable if its value is fixed re-
                 lative to the base address of the program area in which
                 it appears;  it will have an offset value added at link
                 time.  Terms that contain labels defined in relocatable
                 program   areas   will   have   a   relocatable  value;


        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-16
        SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS


                 similarly, a period (.) in a relocatable program  area,
                 representing  the value of the current program location
                 counter, will also have a relocatable value.

             2.  An  expression  is  absolute if its value is fixed.  An
                 expression whose terms are numbers and ascii characters
                 will  reduce  to  an absolute value.  A relocatable ex-
                 pression or term minus a relocatable term,  where  both
                 elements  being  evaluated  belong  to the same program
                 area, is an absolute expression.  This is because every
                 term  in  a  program area has the same relocation bias.
                 When one term is subtracted from the other the  reloca-
                 tion bias is zero.

             3.  An  expression is external (or global) if it contains a
                 single global reference (plus or minus an absolute  ex-
                 pression  value) that is not defined within the current
                 program.  Thus, an external  expression  is  only  par-
                 tially  defined following assembly and must be resolved
                 at link time.



        1.4  GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES


           An  ASxxxx  directive  is placed in the operator field of the
        source line.  Only one directive is  allowed  per  source  line.
        Each  directive  may  have  a blank operand field or one or more
        operands.  Legal operands differ with each directive.


        1.4.1  .module Directive

        Format:

                .module string

           The .module directive causes the string to be included in the
        assemblers output file as an identifier for this particular  ob-
        ject  module.   The  string  may  be  from  1 to 8 characters in
        length.  Only one identifier is allowed  per  assembled  module.
        The  main use of this directive is to allow the linker to report
        a modules' use of undefined symbols.  At link time all undefined
        symbols  are  reported  and  the  modules  referencing  them are
        listed.




        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-17
        GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES


        1.4.2  .title Directive

        Format:

                .title  string

           The .title directive provides a character string to be placed
        on the second line of each page during listing.


        1.4.3  .sbttl Directive

        Format:

                .sbttl  string

           The .sbttl directive provides a character string to be placed
        on the third line of each page during listing.


        1.4.4  .page Directive

        Format:

                .page

           The .page directive causes a page ejection with a new heading
        to be printed.  The new page occurs after the next line  of  the
        source  program is processed, this allows an immediately follow-
        ing .sbttl directive to appear  on  the  new  page.   The  .page
        source  line will not appear in the file listing.  Paging may be
        disabled by invoking the -p directive.


        1.4.5  .byte and .db Directives

        Format:

                .byte   exp             ;Stores the binary value
                .db     exp             ;of the expression in the
                                        ;next byte.

                .byte   exp1,exp2,expn  ;Stores the binary values
                .db     exp1,exp2,expn  ;of the list of expressions
                                        ;in successive bytes.

        where:  exp,    represent expressions that will be
                exp1,   truncated to 8-bits of data.
                .       Each expression will be calculated
                .       as a 16-bit word expression,
                .       the high-order byte will be truncated.
                .       Multiple expressions must be


        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-18
        GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES


                expn    separated by commas.

           The  .byte  or .db directives are used to generate successive
        bytes of binary data in the object module.


        1.4.6  .word and .dw Directives

        Format:

                .word   exp             ;Stores the binary value
                .dw     exp             ;of the expression in
                                        ;the next word.

                .word   exp1,exp2,expn  ;Stores the binary values
                .dw     exp1,exp2,expn  ;of the list of expressions
                                        ;in successive words.

        where:  exp,    represent expressions that will occupy two
                exp1,   bytes of data. Each expression will be
                .       calculated as a 16-bit word expression.
                .       Multiple expressions must be
                expn    separated by commas.

           The  .word  or .dw directives are used to generate successive
        words of binary data in the object module.


        1.4.7  .blkb, .blkw, and .ds Directives

        Format:

                .blkb   N       ;reserve N bytes of space
                .blkw   N       ;reserve N words of space
                .ds     N       ;reserve N bytes of space

           The  .blkb  and .ds directives reserve byte blocks in the ob-
        ject module;  the .blkw directive reserves word blocks.


        1.4.8  .ascii Directive

        Format:

                .ascii  /string/

        where:  string  is a string of printable ascii characters.

                /  /    represent   the  delimiting  characters.   These
                        delimiters   may   be   any   paired    printing
                        characters,  as  long  as the characters are not
                        contained within  the  string  itself.   If  the


        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-19
        GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES


                        delimiting  characters  do not match, the .ascii
                        directive will give the (q) error.

        The  .ascii  directive  places  one binary byte of data for each
        character in the string into the object module.


        1.4.9  .ascis Directive

        Format:

                .ascis  /string/

        where:  string  is a string of printable ascii characters.

                /  /    represent   the  delimiting  characters.   These
                        delimiters   may   be   any   paired    printing
                        characters,  as  long  as the characters are not
                        contained within  the  string  itself.   If  the
                        delimiting  characters  do not match, the .ascis
                        directive will give the (q) error.

        The  .ascis  directive  places  one binary byte of data for each
        character in the  string  into  the  object  module.   The  last
        character in the string will have the high order bit set.


        1.4.10  .asciz Directive

        Format:

                .asciz  /string/

        where:  string  is a string of printable ascii characters.

                /  /    represent   the  delimiting  characters.   These
                        delimiters   may   be   any   paired    printing
                        characters,  as  long  as the characters are not
                        contained within  the  string  itself.   If  the
                        delimiting  characters  do not match, the .asciz
                        directive will give the (q) error.

        The  .asciz  directive  places  one binary byte of data for each
        character in the string into the object module.   Following  all
        the  character  data  a  zero  byte is inserted to terminate the
        character string.




        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-20
        GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES


        1.4.11  .radix Directive

        Format:

                .radix  character

        where:  character  represents  a single character specifying the
                        default radix to be used for succeeding numbers.
                        The character may be any one of the following:

                        B,b     Binary

                        O,o     Octal
                        Q,q

                        D,d     Decimal
                        'blank'

                        H,h     Hexidecimal
                        X,x


        1.4.12  .even Directive

        Format:

                .even

           The .even directive ensures that the current location counter
        contains an even boundary value by adding 1 if the current loca-
        tion is odd.


        1.4.13  .odd Directive

        Format:

                .odd

           The  .odd directive ensures that the current location counter
        contains an odd boundary value by adding one if the current  lo-
        cation is even.




        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-21
        GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES


        1.4.14  .area Directive

        Format:

                .area   name    [(options)]

        where:  name    represents the symbolic name of the program sec-
                        tion.   This  name  may  be  the  same  as   any
                        user-defined  symbol  as  the area names are in-
                        dependent of all symbols and labels.

                options specify the type of program or data area:
                        ABS     absolute (automatically invokes OVR)
                        REL     relocatable
                        OVR     overlay
                        CON     concatenate
                        PAG     paged area


           The .area directive provides a means of defining and separat-
        ing multiple programming and data sections.   The  name  is  the
        area  label used by the assembler and the linker to collect code
        from various separately assembled modules into one section.  The
        name may be from 1 to 8 characters in length.

           The options are specified within parenthesis and separated by
        commas as shown in the following example:

                .area  TEST  (REL,CON)  ;This section is relocatable
                                        ;and concatenated with other
                                        ;sections of this program area.

                .area  DATA  (REL,OVR)  ;This section is relocatable
                                        ;and overlays other sections
                                        ;of this program area.

                .area  SYS   (ABS,OVR)  ;(CON not allowed with ABS)
                                        ;This section is defined as
                                        ;absolute. Absolute sections
                                        ;are always overlayed with
                                        ;other sections of this program
                                        ;area.

                .area  PAGE  (PAG)      ;This is a paged section. The
                                        ;section must be on a 256 byte
                                        ;boundary and its length is
                                        ;checked by the linker to be
                                        ;no larger than 256 bytes.
                                        ;This is useful for direct page
                                        ;areas.



        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-22
        GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES


           The  default  area type is REL|CON;  i.e.  a relocatable sec-
        tion which is concatenated with other sections of code with  the
        same area name.  The ABS option indicates an absolute area.  The
        OVR and CON options indicate if program  sections  of  the  same
        name  will overlay each other (start at the same location) or be
        concatenated with each other (appended to each other).

           Multiple  invocations  of  the  .area directive with the same
        name must specify the same options or leave  the  options  field
        blank,  this  defaults  to  the previously specified options for
        this program area.
        The   ASxxxx   assemblers   automatically  provide  two  program
        sections:

                '.  .ABS.'      This dumby section contains all absolute
                                symbols and their values.

                '_CODE'         This  is  the default program/data area.
                                This program area is of type (REL,CON).
        The  ASxxxx  assemblers  also automatically generate two symbols
        for each program area:

                's_<area>'      This is the starting address of the pro-
                                gram area.

                                indent  -16  'l_<area>'      This is the
                                length of the program area.


        1.4.15  .org Directive

        Format:

                .org    exp

        where:  exp     is  an absolute expression that becomes the cur-
                        rent location counter.

        The  .org directive is valid only in an absolute program section
        and will give a (q) error if used in a relocatable program area.
        The  .org  directive specifies that the current location counter
        is to become the specified absolute value.




        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-23
        GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES


        1.4.16  .globl Directive

        Format:

                .globl  sym1,sym2,...,symn

        where:  sym1,           represent legal symbolic names. When
                sym2,...        When multiple symbols are specified,
                symn            they are separated by commas.

           A  .globl directive may also have a label field and/or a com-
        ment field.

           The  .globl directive is provided to define (and thus provide
        linkage to) symbols not  otherwise  defined  as  global  symbols
        within  a  module.   In  defining  global  symbols the directive
        .globl J is similar to:

              J == expression or J::

           Because  object  modules  are linked by global symbols, these
        symbols are vital to a program.  All internal symbols  appearing
        within  a  given program must be defined at the end of pass 1 or
        they will be considered undefined.  The assembly directive  (-g)
        can  be  be  invoked to make all undefined symbols global at the
        end of pass 1.


        1.4.17  .if, .else, and .endif Directives

        Format:

                .if     expr
                .                       ;}
                .                       ;} range of true condition
                .                       ;}
                .else
                .                       ;}
                .                       ;} range of false condition
                .                       ;}
                .endif

           The  conditional  assembly directives allow you to include or
        exclude blocks of source code during the assembly process, based
        on the evaluation of the condition test.

           The  range of true condition will be processed if the expres-
        sion 'expr' is not zero (i.e.  true) and the range of false con-
        dition  will  be processed if the expression 'expr' is zero (i.e
        false).  The range of true condition is optional as is the .else
        directive  and  the range of false condition.  The following are
        all valid .if/.else/.endif constructions:


        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-24
        GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES



                .if     A-4             ;evaluate A-4
                .byte   1,2             ;insert bytes if A-4 is
                .endif                  ;not zero

                .if     K+3             ;evaluate K+3
                .else
                .byte   3,4             ;insert bytes if K+3
                .endif                  ;is zero

                .if     J&3             ;evaluate J masked by 3
                .byte   12              ;insert this byte if J&3
                .else                   ;is not zero
                .byte   13              ;insert this byte if J&3
                .endif                  ;is zero


        The .if/.else/.endif directives may be nested upto 10 levels.

           The  .page  directive  is  processed within a false condition
        range to allow extended textual information to  be  incorporated
        in  the  source  program  with  out  the need to use the comment
        delimiter (;):

                .if     0

                .page
                This text will be bypassed during assembly
                but appear in the listing file.
                .
                .
                .

                .endif


        1.4.18  .include Directive

        Format:

                .include        string

        where:  string  represents  a  delimited string that is the file
                        specification of an ASxxxx source file.

           The .include directive is used to insert a source file within
        the source file currently being assembled.  When this  directive
        is encountered, an implicit .page directive is issued.  When the
        end of the specified source file is reached, an  implicit  .page
        directive is issued and input continues from the previous source
        file.  The maximum nesting level of source files specified by  a
        .include directive is five.


        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-25
        GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES


           The  total  number  of separately specified .include files is
        unlimited as each .include file is opened and then closed during
        each pass made by the assembler.


        1.4.19  .setdp Directive

        Format:

                .setdp [base [,area]]

        The  set  direct  page  directive has a common format in all the
        AS68xx assemblers.  The .setdp directive is used to  inform  the
        assembler  of  the current direct page region and the offset ad-
        dress within the selected area.  The normal  invocation  methods
        are:

                .area   DIRECT  (PAG)
                .setdp

                or

                .setdp  0,DIRECT

        for  all  the  68xx microprocessors (the 6804 has only the paged
        ram area).  The commands specify that the direct page is in area
        DIRECT and its offset address is 0 (the only valid value for all
        but the 6809 microprocessor).  Be sure to place the DIRECT  area
        at address 0 during linking.  When the base address and area are
        not specified, then zero and the current area are the  defaults.
        If  a  .setdp directive is not issued the assembler defaults the
        direct page to the area "_CODE" at offset 0.

           The  assembler  verifies  that  any  local variable used in a
        direct variable reference is located in this area.  Local  vari-
        able  and  constant value direct access addresses are checked to
        be within the address range from 0 to 255.

           External direct references are assumed by the assembler to be
        in the correct area and have valid  offsets.   The  linker  will
        check all direct page relocations to verify that they are within
        the correct area.

           The  6809  microprocessor  allows the selection of the direct
        page to be on any 256 byte boundary by loading  the  appropriate
        value  into the dp register.  Typically one would like to select
        the page boundary at link time, one method follows:


        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-26
        GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES


                .area   DIRECT  (PAG)   ; define the direct page
                .setdp
                .
                .
                .
                .area   PROGRAM
                .
                ldd     #DIRECT         ; load the direct page register
                tfr     a,dp            ; for access to the direct page

        At  link  time specify the base and global equates to locate the
        direct page:

                -b DIRECT = 0x1000
                -g DIRECT = 0x1000

        Both  the  area address and offset value must be specified (area
        and variable names are independent).   The  linker  will  verify
        that  the  relocated  direct page accesses are within the direct
        page.
        The  preceeding  sequence  could  be repeated for multiple paged
        areas, however an alternate method is to define a non-paged area
        and use the .setdp directive to specify the offset value:

                .area   DIRECT          ; define non-paged area
                .
                .
                .
                .area   PROGRAM
                .
                .setdp  0,DIRECT        ; direct page area
                ldd     #DIRECT         ; load the direct page register
                tfr     a,dp            ; for access to the direct page
                .
                .
                .setdp  0x100,DIRECT    ; direct page area
                ldd     #DIRECT+0x100   ; load the direct page register
                tfr     a,dp            ; for access to the direct page

        The  linker  will  verify that subsequent direct page references
        are in the specified area and offset address range.  It  is  the
        programmers responsibility to load the dp register with the cor-
        rect page segment  corresponding  to  the  .setdp  base  address
        specified.

           For  those  cases  where a single piece of code must access a
        defined data structure within a direct page and there  are  many
        pages,  define  a  dumby  direct page linked at address 0.  This
        dumby page is used only to define  the  variable  labels.   Then
        load  the dp register with the real base address but donot use a
        .setdp  directive.   This  method  is  equivalent   to   indexed


        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-27
        GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES


        addressing,  where the dp register is the index register and the
        direct addressing is the offset.


        1.5  INVOKING ASXXXX


           The  ASxxxx  assemblers are command line oriented.  After the
        assembler is started, enter the option(s) and file(s) to  assem-
        ble following the 'argv:' prompt:

        argv:  [-dqxjgalcposf] file1 [file2 file3 ...  file6]

        The options are:

                d       decimal listing
                q       octal   listing
                x       hex     listing (default)

                        The listing radix affects the
                        .lst, .rel, and .sym files.

                j       add line number and debug information to file
                g       undefined symbols made global
                a       all user symbols made global

                l       create list   output file1.lst
                o       create object output file1.rel
                s       create symbol output file1.sym

                c       generate sdcdb debug information

                p       disable listing pagination

                        relocatable reference flagging:

                f       by  `   in the listing file
                ff      by mode in the listing file

        asx8051 specific command line option:
                -I<dir>  Add the named directory to the include file
                        search path.  This option may be used more than once.
                        Directories are searched in the order given.

           The file name for the .lst, .rel, and .sym files is the first
        file name specified in the command line.  All output  files  are
        ascii  text  files which may be edited, copied, etc.  The output
        files are the concatenation of all the input files, if files are
        to  be  assembled  independently  invoke  the assembler for each
        file.

           The  .rel  file contains a radix directive so that the linker
        will use the proper conversion for this file.  Linked files  may
        have different radices.

           If  the list (l) option is specified without the symbol table
        (s) option, the symbol table is placed at the end of the listing
        file.

        ASXXXX assembles supported by and distributed with SDCC are:
                asx8051         (Intel 8051)
                as-z80          (Zilog Z80 / Hitachi HD64180)
                as-gbz80        (GameBoy Z80-like CPU)
                as-hc08         (Motorola 68HC08)


        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-28
        ERRORS


        1.6  ERRORS


           The  ASxxxx assemblers provide limited diagnostic error codes
        during the assembly process, these errors will be noted  in  the
        listing file and printed on the stderr device.

           The assembler reports the errors on the stderr device as

                ?ASxxxx-Error-<*> in line nnn of filename

        where  * is the error code, nnn is the line number, and filename
        is the source/include file.

           The errors are:

              (.)   This  error  is caused by an absolute direct assign-
                    ment of the current location counter
                          . = expression (incorrect)
                    rather than the correct
                          . = . + expression

              (a)   Indicates  a machine specific addressing or address-
                    ing mode error.

              (b)   Indicates a direct page boundary error.

              (d)   Indicates a direct page addressing error.

              (i)   Caused  by  an  .include file error or an .if/.endif
                    mismatch.

              (m)   Multiple  definitions  of  the  same label, multiple
                    .module directives, or multiple  conflicting  attri-
                    butes in an .area directive.

              (o)   Directive  or  mnemonic error or the use of the .org
                    directive in a relocatable area.

              (p)   Phase error:  label location changing between passes
                    2 and 3.  Normally caused by having  more  than  one
                    level of forward referencing.

              (q)   Questionable syntax:  missing or improper operators,
                    terminators, or delimiters.

              (r)   Relocation  error:   logic  operation attempted on a
                    relocatable term, addition of two relocatable terms,
                    subtraction  of two relocatable terms not within the
                    same programming area or external symbols.

              (u)   Undefined symbol encountered during assembly.


        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-29
        LISTING FILE


        1.7  LISTING FILE


           The  (-l) option produces an ascii output listing file.  Each
        page of output contains a four line header:


             1.  The ASxxxx program name and page number

             2.  Title from a .title directive (if any)

             3.  Subtitle from a .sbttl directive (if any)

             4.  Blank line



        Each succeeding line contains five fields:


             1.  Error field (first three characters of line)

             2.  Current location counter

             3.  Generated code in byte format

             4.  Source text line number

             5.  Source text


           The error field may contain upto 2 error flags indicating any
        errors encountered while assembling this line of source code.

           The  current  location counter field displays the 16-bit pro-
        gram position.  This field will be in the selected radix.

           The generated code follows the program location.  The listing
        radix determines the number of bytes that will be  displayed  in
        this field.  Hexidecimal listing allows six bytes of data within
        the field, decimal and octal allow four bytes within the  field.
        If more than one field of data is generated from the assembly of
        a single line of source code, then the data field is repeated on
        successive lines.

           The source text line number is printed in decimal and is fol-
        lowed by the source text.

           Two  special  cases  will  disable  the  listing of a line of
        source text:



        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-30
        LISTING FILE


             1.  Source line with a .page directive is never listed.

             2.  Source  line  with  a  .include  file  directive is not
                 listed unless the .include file cannot be opened.


           Two  data  field  options  are  available to flag those bytes
        which will be relocated by the linker.   If  the  -f  option  is
        specified  then  each  byte to be relocated will be preceeded by
        the '`' character.  If the -ff option  is  specified  then  each
        byte  to  be relocated will be preceeded by one of the following
        characters:

             1.  *   paged relocation

             2.  u   low  byte of unsigned word or unsigned byte

             3.  v   high byte of unsigned word

             4.  p   PCR low  byte of word relocation or PCR byte

             5.  q   PCR high byte of word relocation

             6.  r   low  byte relocation or byte relocation

             7.  s   high byte relocation



        1.8  SYMBOL TABLE FILE


           The symbol table has two parts:

             1.  The alphabetically sorted list of symbols and/or labels
                 defined or referenced in the source program.

             2.  A  list of the program areas defined during assembly of
                 the source program.


           The sorted list of symbols and/or labels contains the follow-
        ing information:

             1.  Program  area  number (none if absolute value or exter-
                 nal)

             2.  The symbol or label

             3.  Directly assigned symbol is denoted with an (=) sign



        THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-31
        SYMBOL TABLE FILE


             4.  The  value of a symbol, location of a label relative to
                 the program area base address (=0), or a ****  indicat-
                 ing the symbol or label is undefined.

             5.  The  characters:   G - global, R - relocatable, and X -
                 external.


           The list of program areas provides the correspondence between
        the program area numbers and the defined program areas, the size
        of the program areas, and the area flags (attributes).


        1.9  OBJECT FILE


           The  object  file is an ascii file containing the information
        needed by the linker to bind multiple object modules into a com-
        plete  loadable  memory  image.   The object module contains the
        following designators:

                [XDQ][HL]
                        X       Hexidecimal radix
                        D       Decimal radix
                        Q       Octal radix

                        H       Most significant byte first
                        L       Least significant byte first

                H       Header
                M       Module
                A       Area
                S       Symbol
                T       Object code
                R       Relocation information
                P       Paging information

           Refer to the linker for a detailed description of each of the
        designators and the format of the information contained  in  the
        object file.














                                    CHAPTER 2

                                   THE LINKER





        2.1  ASLINK RELOCATING LINKER


           ASLINK is the companion linker for the ASxxxx assemblers.

           The  program ASLINK is a general relocating linker performing
        the following functions:

             1.  Bind multiple object modules into a single memory image

             2.  Resolve inter-module symbol references

             3.  Combine  code  belonging to the same area from multiple
                 object files into a single contiguous memory region

             4.  Search and import object module libraries for undefined
                 global variables

             5.  Perform   byte   and   word  program  counter  relative
                 (pc or pcr) addressing calculations

             6.  Define absolute symbol values at link time

             7.  Define absolute area base address values at link time

             8.  Produce Intel Hex or Motorola S19 output file

             9.  Produce a map of the linked memory image

            10.  Produce  an updated listing file with the relocated ad-
                 dresses and data





        THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-2
        INVOKING ASLINK


        2.2  INVOKING ASLINK


           The  linker  may run in the command line mode or command file
        modes.  The allowed startup linker commands are:

        -c/-f           command line / command file modes

        -p/-n           enable/disable echo file.lnk input to stdout

           If  command  line  mode is selected, all linker commands come
        from stdin, if the command file mode is  selected  the  commands
        are input from the specified file (extension must be .lnk).

           The linker is started via

                ASLINK  -(cfpn)

        After invoking the linker the valid options are:

             1.  -i/-s   Intel Hex (file.ihx) or Motorola S19 (file.s19)
                 image output file.

             2.  -m      Generate a map file (file.map).  This file con-
                 tains a list of the symbols (by area) with absolute ad-
                 dresses,  sizes  of  linked  areas,  and  other linking
                 information.

             3.  -u      Generate  an  updated  listing  file (file.rst)
                 derived from the relocated addresses and data from  the
                 linker

             4.  -xdq    Specifies  the  number  radix  for the map file
                 (Hexidecimal, Decimal, or Octal).

             5.  fileN   Files  to  be linked.  Files may be on the same
                 line as the above options or on a separate line(s)  one
                 file  per line or multiple files separated by spaces or
                 tabs.

             6.  -b  area = expression (one definition per line)
                 This  specifies  an area base address where the expres-
                 sion may contain constants and/or defined symbols  from
                 the linked files.

             7.  -g  symbol = expression (one definition per line)
                 This  specifies  the value for the symbol where the ex-
                 pression may contain constants and/or  defined  symbols
                 from the linked files.

             8.  -k  library directory path
                 (one  definition  per line) This specifies one possible



        THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-3
        INVOKING ASLINK


                 path to an object library.  More than one path  is  al-
                 lowed.

             9.  -l  library file specification
                 (one  definition  per  line)  This specifies a possible
                 library file.  More than one file is allowed.

            10.  -e      or null line, terminates input to the linker.

        ASLINK linkers supported by and distributed with SDCC are:
                aslink          (Intel 8051)
                link-z90        (Zilog Z80 / Hitachi HD64180)
                link-gbz80      (GameBoy Z80-like CPU)
                link-hc08       (Motorola 68HC08)

        aslink (Intel 8051) specific options:

        Output:
          -j   Produce NoICE debug as file[NOI]
          -z   Produce SDCdb debug as file[cdb]
          -u   Update listing file(s) with link data as file(s)[.RST]
        Miscellaneous:
          -a   [iram-size] Check for internal RAM overflow
          -v   [xram-size] Check for external RAM overflow
          -w   [code-size] Check for code overflow
          -y   Generate memory usage summary file[mem]
          -Y   Pack internal ram
          -A   [stack-size] Allocate space for stack


        link-z80 (Zilog Z80 / Hitachi HD64180) specific options:

        Map format:
          -j   no$gmb symbol file generated as file[SYM]
        Output:
          -z   Produce SDCdb debug as file[cdb]
          -Z   Gameboy image as file[GB]
        List:
          -u   Update listing file(s) with link data as file(s)[.RST]


        link-gbz80 (GameBoy Z80-like CPU) specific options:

        Relocation:
          -yo  Number of rom banks (default: 2)
          -ya  Number of ram banks (default: 0)
          -yt  MBC type (default: no MBC)
          -yn  Name of program (default: name of output file)
          -yp# Patch one byte in the output GB file (# is: addr=byte)
        Map format:
          -j   no$gmb symbol file generated as file[SYM]
        Output:
          -Z   Gameboy image as file[GB]
        List:
          -u   Update listing file(s) with link data as file(s)[.RST]


        link-hc08 (Motorola 68HC08) specific options:
        Output:
          -t   ELF executable as file[elf]
          -j    Produce NoICE debug as file[NOI]
          -z   Produce SDCdb debug as file[cdb]
          -u    Update listing file(s) with link data as file(s)[.RST]
        Miscellaneous:
          -a    [iram-size] Check for internal RAM overflow
          -v    [xram-size] Check for external RAM overflow
          -w    [code-size] Check for code overflow



        2.3  LIBRARY PATH(S) AND FILE(S)


           The process of resolving undefined symbols after scanning the
        input object  files  includes  the  scanning  of  object  module
        libraries.   The  linker will search through all combinations of
        the library path specifications (input by the -k option) and the
        library  file  specifications (input by the -l option) that lead
        to an existing library file.  Each library file contains a  list
        (one  file  per  line)  of  modules  included in this particular
        library.  Each existing object module is scanned for a match  to
        the undefined symbol.  The first module containing the symbol is
        then linked with the previous modules to resolve the symbol  de-
        finition.   The  library  object  modules are rescanned until no
        more symbols can be resolved.   The  scanning  algorithm  allows
        resolution  of  back references.  No errors are reported for non
        existant library files or object modules.

           The  library  file  specification may be formed in one of two
        ways:

             1.  If  the  library  file  contained an absolute path/file
                 specification  then  this  is   the   object   module's
                 path/file.
                 (i.e.  C:\...)

             2.  If  the  library  file  contains  a  relative path/file
                 specification then the concatenation of  the  path  and
                 this  file  specification  becomes  the object module's
                 path/file.
                 (i.e.  \...)


           As  an example, assume there exists a library file termio.lib
        in the syslib directory specifying the following object modules:

        \6809\io_disk        first object module
        d:\special\io_comm   second object module

        and the following parameters were specified to the linker:



        THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-4
        LIBRARY PATH(S) AND FILE(S)


        -k c:\iosystem\    the first path
        -k c:\syslib\      the second path

        -l termio          the first library file
        -l io              the second library file (no such file)

        The  linker  will attempt to use the following object modules to
        resolve any undefined symbols:

        c:\syslib\6809\io_disk.rel     (concatenated path/file)
        d:\special\io_comm.rel         (absolute path/file)

        all  other path(s)/file(s) don't exist.  (No errors are reported
        for non existant path(s)/file(s).)


        2.4  ASLINK PROCESSING


           The  linker  processes  the  files  in  the  order  they  are
        presented.  The first pass through the input files  is  used  to
        define  all  program  areas, the section area sizes, and symbols
        defined or referenced.  Undefined symbols will initiate a search
        of any specified library file(s) and the importing of the module
        containing the symbol definition.  After the first pass  the  -b
        (area  base  address) definitions, if any, are processed and the
        areas linked.

           The  area  linking proceeds by first examining the area types
        ABS, CON, REL, OVR and PAG.  Absolute areas (ABS) from  separate
        object modules are always overlayed and have been assembled at a
        specific address, these are not normally relocated (if a -b com-
        mand  is  used  on an absolute area the area will be relocated).
        Relative areas (normally defined as REL|CON) have a base address
        of  0x0000  as read from the object files, the -b command speci-
        fies the beginning address of the area.  All subsequent relative
        areas  will  be  concatenated  with  proceeding  relative areas.
        Where specific ordering is desired, the first linker input  file
        should  have  the area definitions in the desired order.  At the
        completion of the area linking all area  addresses  and  lengths
        have  been determined.  The areas of type PAG are verified to be
        on a 256 byte boundary and that the length does not  exceed  256
        bytes.  Any errors are noted on stderr and in the map file.

           Next  the  global symbol definitions (-g option), if any, are
        processed.  The symbol definitions have been delayed until  this
        point because the absolute addresses of all internal symbols are
        known and can be used in the expression calculations.

           Before  continuing  with the linking process the symbol table
        is scanned to determine if any symbols have been referenced  but
        not defined.  Undefined symbols are listed on the stderr device.


        THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-5
        ASLINK PROCESSING


        if a .module directive was included in the  assembled  file  the
        module  making  the reference to this undefined variable will be
        printed.

           Constants  defined  as global in more than one module will be
        flagged as multiple definitions if their values are not  identi-
        cal.

           After  the  preceeding  processes are complete the linker may
        output a map file (-m option).  This file provides the following
        information:

             1.  Global symbol values and label absolute addresses

             2.  Defined areas and there lengths

             3.  Remaining undefined symbols

             4.  List of modules linked

             5.  List of library modules linked

             6.  List of -b and -g definitions




           The final step of the linking process is performed during the
        second pass of the input files.  As the xxx.rel files  are  read
        the code is relocated by substituting the physical addresses for
        the referenced symbols and areas and may be output in  Intel  or
        Motorola  formats.   The  number of files linked and symbols de-
        fined/referenced is limited by the processor space available  to
        build the area/symbol lists.  If the -u option is specified then
        the listing files  (file.lst)  associated  with  the  relocation
        files  (file.rel)  are  scanned  and  used  to create a new file
        (file.rst) which has all addresses and data relocated  to  their
        final values.


        2.5  LINKER INPUT FORMAT


           The  linkers'  input  object file is an ascii file containing
        the information needed by the linker  to  bind  multiple  object
        modules into a complete loadable memory image.

        The object module contains the following designators:

                [XDQ][HL]
                        X       Hexidecimal radix
                        D       Decimal radix


        THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-6
        LINKER INPUT FORMAT


                        Q       Octal radix

                        H       Most significant byte first
                        L       Least significant byte first

                H       Header
                M       Module
                A       Area
                S       Symbol
                T       Object code
                R       Relocation information
                P       Paging information


        2.5.1  Object Module Format


           The  first  line  of  an object module contains the [XDQ][HL]
        format specifier (i.e.  XH indicates  a  hexidecimal  file  with
        most significant byte first) for the following designators.


        2.5.2  Header Line

                H aa areas gg global symbols

           The  header  line  specifies  the number of areas(aa) and the
        number of global symbols(gg) defined or referenced in  this  ob-
        ject module segment.


        2.5.3  Module Line

                M name

           The  module  line  specifies  the module name from which this
        header segment was assembled.  The module line will  not  appear
        if the .module directive was not used in the source program.


        2.5.4  Symbol Line

                S string Defnnnn

                        or

                S string Refnnnn

           The  symbol line defines (Def) or references (Ref) the symbol
        'string' with the value nnnn.  The defined value is relative  to
        the  current  area  base  address.   References to constants and
        external global symbols will always appear before the first area


        THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-7
        LINKER INPUT FORMAT


        definition.  References to external symbols will have a value of
        zero.


        2.5.5  Area Line

                A label size ss flags ff

           The  area  line  defines the area label, the size (ss) of the
        area in bytes, and the area flags (ff).  The area flags  specify
        the ABS, REL, CON, OVR, and PAG parameters:

                OVR/CON  (0x04/0x00 i.e.  bit position 2)

                ABS/REL  (0x08/0x00 i.e.  bit position 3)

                PAG      (0x10 i.e.  bit position 4)


        2.5.6  T Line

                T xx xx nn nn nn nn nn ...

           The  T  line contains the assembled code output by the assem-
        bler with xx xx being the offset address from the  current  area
        base address and nn being the assembled instructions and data in
        byte format.


        2.5.7  R Line

                R 0 0 nn nn n1 n2 xx xx ...

           The R line provides the relocation information to the linker.
        The nn nn value is the current area index, i.e.  which area  the
        current  values  were  assembled.  Relocation information is en-
        coded in groups of 4 bytes:

             1.  n1 is the relocation mode and object format
                 1.  bit 0 word(0x00)/byte(0x01)
                 2.  bit 1 relocatable area(0x00)/symbol(0x02)
                 3.  bit 2 normal(0x00)/PC relative(0x04) relocation
                 4.  bit  3  1-byte(0x00)/2-byte(0x08) object format for
                     byte data
                 5.  bit 4 signed(0x00)/unsigned(0x10) byte data
                 6.  bit 5 normal(0x00)/page '0'(0x20) reference
                 7.  bit 6 normal(0x00)/page 'nnn'(0x40) reference
                 8.  bit  7  LSB  byte(0x00)/MSB  byte(0x80) with 2-byte
                     mode

             2.  n2  is  a byte index into the corresponding (i.e.  pre-
                 ceeding) T line data (i.e.  a pointer to the data to be


        THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-8
        LINKER INPUT FORMAT


                 updated  by  the  relocation).   The T line data may be
                 1-byte or  2-byte  byte  data  format  or  2-byte  word
                 format.

             3.  xx xx  is the area/symbol index for the area/symbol be-
                 ing referenced.  the corresponding area/symbol is found
                 in the header area/symbol lists.


        The groups of 4 bytes are repeated for each item requiring relo-
        cation in the preceeding T line.


        2.5.8  P Line

                P 0 0 nn nn n1 n2 xx xx

           The  P  line provides the paging information to the linker as
        specified by a .setdp directive.  The format of  the  relocation
        information is identical to that of the R line.  The correspond-
        ing T line has the following information:
                T xx xx aa aa bb bb

           Where  aa aa is the area reference number which specifies the
        selected page area and bb bb is the base address  of  the  page.
        bb bb will require relocation processing if the 'n1 n2 xx xx' is
        specified in the P line.  The linker will verify that  the  base
        address is on a 256 byte boundary and that the page length of an
        area defined with the PAG type is not larger than 256 bytes.

           The  linker  defaults any direct page references to the first
        area defined in the input REL file.  All ASxxxx assemblers  will
        specify the _CODE area first, making this the default page area.


        2.6  LINKER ERROR MESSAGES


           The linker provides detailed error messages allowing the pro-
        grammer to quickly find the errant code.   As  the  linker  com-
        pletes  pass 1  over  the  input  file(s)  it  reports  any page
        boundary or page length errors as follows:

        ?ASlink-Warning-Paged Area PAGE0 Boundary Error

        and/or

        ?ASlink-Warning-Paged Area PAGE0 Length Error

        where PAGE0 is the paged area.



        THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-9
        LINKER ERROR MESSAGES


           During  Pass  two the linker reads the T, R, and P lines per-
        forming the necessary relocations and  outputting  the  absolute
        code.  Various errors may be reported during this process
        The P line processing can produce only one possible error:

        ?ASlink-Warning-Page Definition Boundary Error
                 file        module      pgarea      pgoffset
          PgDef  t6809l      t6809l      PAGE0       0001

        The error message specifies the file and module where the .setdp
        direct was issued and indicates  the  page  area  and  the  page
        offset value determined after relocation.


        The R line processing produces various errors:

        ?ASlink-Warning-Byte PCR relocation error for symbol  bra2
                 file        module      area        offset
          Refby  t6809l      t6809l      TEST        00FE
          Defin  tconst      tconst      .  .ABS.    0080

        ?ASlink-Warning-Unsigned Byte error for symbol  two56
                 file        module      area        offset
          Refby  t6800l      t6800l      DIRECT      0015
          Defin  tconst      tconst      .  .ABS.    0100

        ?ASlink-Warning-Page0 relocation error for symbol  ltwo56
                 file        module      area        offset
          Refby  t6800l      t6800l      DIRECT      000D
          Defin  tconst      tconst      DIRECT      0100

        ?ASlink-Warning-Page Mode relocation error for symbol  two56
                 file        module      area        offset
          Refby  t6809l      t6809l      DIRECT      0005
          Defin  tconst      tconst      .  .ABS.    0100

        ?ASlink-Warning-Page Mode relocation error
                 file        module      area        offset
          Refby  t           Pagetest    PROGRAM     0006
          Defin  t           Pagetest    DIRECT      0100

        These  error messages specify the file, module, area, and offset
        within the area of the code  referencing  (Refby)  and  defining
        (Defin) the symbol.  If the symbol is defined in the same module
        as the reference the linker is unable to report the symbol name.
        The  assembler  listing file(s) should be examined at the offset
        from the specified area to located the offending code.

           The errors are:

             1.  The  byte PCR error is caused by exceeding the pc rela-
                 tive byte branch range.


        THE LINKER                                             PAGE 2-10
        LINKER ERROR MESSAGES


             2.  The Unsigned byte error indicates an indexing value was
                 negative or larger than 255.

             3.  The  Page0  error is generated if the direct page vari-
                 able is not in the page0 range of 0 to 255.

             4.  The page mode error is generated if the direct variable
                 is not within the current direct page (6809).



        THE LINKER                                             Page 2-11
        INTEL HEX OUTPUT FORMAT


        2.7  INTEL HEX OUTPUT FORMAT

        Record Mark Field    -  This  field  signifies  the  start  of a
                                record, and consists of an  ascii  colon
                                (:).

        Record Length Field  -  This   field   consists   of  two  ascii
                                characters which indicate the number  of
                                data   bytes   in   this   record.   The
                                characters are the result of  converting
                                the  number  of  bytes  in binary to two
                                ascii characters, high digit first.   An
                                End  of  File  record contains two ascii
                                zeros in this field.

        Load Address Field   -  This  field  consists  of the four ascii
                                characters which result from  converting
                                the  the  binary value of the address in
                                which to begin loading this record.  The
                                order is as follows:

                                    High digit of high byte of address.
                                    Low digit of high byte of address.
                                    High digit of low byte of address.
                                    Low digit of low byte of address.

                                In an End of File record this field con-
                                sists of either four ascii zeros or  the
                                program  entry  address.   Currently the
                                entry address option is not supported.

        Record Type Field    -  This  field  identifies the record type,
                                which is either 0 for data records or  1
                                for  an End of File record.  It consists
                                of two ascii characters, with  the  high
                                digit of the record type first, followed
                                by the low digit of the record type.

        Data Field           -  This  field consists of the actual data,
                                converted to two ascii characters,  high
                                digit first.  There are no data bytes in
                                the End of File record.

        Checksum Field       -  The  checksum  field is the 8 bit binary
                                sum of the record length field, the load
                                address  field,  the  record type field,
                                and the data field.  This  sum  is  then
                                negated  (2's  complement) and converted
                                to  two  ascii  characters,  high  digit
                                first.


        THE LINKER                                             Page 2-12
        MOTOROLA S1-S9 OUTPUT FORMAT


        2.8  MOTORLA S1-S9 OUTPUT FORMAT

        Record Type Field    -  This  field  signifies  the  start  of a
                                record and  identifies  the  the  record
                                type as follows:

                                    Ascii S1 - Data Record
                                    Ascii S9 - End of File Record

        Record Length Field  -  This  field  specifies the record length
                                which includes the  address,  data,  and
                                checksum   fields.   The  8  bit  record
                                length value is converted to  two  ascii
                                characters, high digit first.

        Load Address Field   -  This  field  consists  of the four ascii
                                characters which result from  converting
                                the  the  binary value of the address in
                                which to begin loading this record.  The
                                order is as follows:

                                    High digit of high byte of address.
                                    Low digit of high byte of address.
                                    High digit of low byte of address.
                                    Low digit of low byte of address.

                                In an End of File record this field con-
                                sists of either four ascii zeros or  the
                                program  entry  address.   Currently the
                                entry address option is not supported.

        Data Field           -  This  field consists of the actual data,
                                converted to two ascii characters,  high
                                digit first.  There are no data bytes in
                                the End of File record.

        Checksum Field       -  The  checksum  field is the 8 bit binary
                                sum of the record length field, the load
                                address field, and the data field.  This
                                sum is then  complemented  (1's  comple-
                                ment)   and   converted   to  two  ascii
                                characters, high digit first.














                                    CHAPTER 3

                           BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK




           The assemblers and linker have been successfully compiled us-
        ing  the  DECUS C  (PDP-11)  compiler  (patch  level   9)   with
        RT-11/TSX+,  Eyring  Research  Institute,  Inc.   PDOS (680x0) C
        V5.4b compiler, and Symantec C/C++ V6.1/V7.0.

           The  device  specific  header  file  (i.e.  m6800.h, m6801.h,
        etc.) contains the DECUS C 'BUILD' directives for  generating  a
        command  file to compile, assemble, and link the necessary files
        to prepare an executable image for a particular assembler.


        3.1  BUILDING AN ASSEMBLER


           The  building  of  a typical assembler (6809 for example) re-
        quires the following files:

             1.  M6809.H
             2.  M09EXT.C
             3.  M09MCH.C
             4.  M09ADR.C
             5.  M09PST.C
             6.  ASM.H
             7.  ASMAIN.C
             8.  ASLEX.C
             9.  ASSYM.C
            10.  ASSUBR.C
            11.  ASEXPR.C
            12.  ASDATA.C
            13.  ASLIST.C
            14.  ASOUT.C


           The  first  five  files are the 6809 processor dependent sec-
        tions which contain the following:




        BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK                              PAGE 3-2
        BUILDING AN ASSEMBLER


             1.  m6809.h -  header  file containing the machine specific
                 definitions of constants,  variables,  structures,  and
                 types

             2.  m09ext -  device  description, byte order, and file ex-
                 tension information

             3.  m09pst -  a  table of the assembler general directives,
                 special device directives, and assembler mnemonics with
                 associated operation codes

             4.  m09mch / m09adr -  machine specific code for processing
                 the device mnemonics,  addressing  modes,  and  special
                 directives


           The  remaining nine files provide the device independent sec-
        tions which handle the  details  of  file  input/output,  symbol
        table  generation,  program/data areas, expression analysis, and
        assembler directive processing.

           The  assembler defaults to the not case sensitive mode.  This
        may be altered by changing the case sensitivity flag in asm.h to

                /*
                 * Case Sensitivity Flag
                 */
                #define CASE_SENSITIVE  1

           The  assemblers  and  linker should be compiled with the same
        case sensitivity option.


        3.2  BUILDING ASLINK


           The building of the linker requires the following files:

             1.  ASLINK.H
             2.  LKMAIN.C
             3.  LKLEX.C
             4.  LKAREA.C
             5.  LKHEAD.C
             6.  LKSYM.C
             7.  LKEVAL.C
             8.  LKDATA.C
             9.  LKLIST.C
            10.  LKRLOC.C
            11.  LKLIBR.C
            12.  LKS19.C
            13.  LKIHX.C



        BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK                              PAGE 3-3
        BUILDING ASLINK


           The linker defaults to the not case sensitive mode.  This may
        be altered by changing the case sensitivity flag in aslink.h to

                /*
                 * Case Sensitivity Flag
                 */
                #define CASE_SENSITIVE  1

           The  linker  and  assemblers should be compiled with the same
        case sensitivity option.














                                   APPENDIX A

                                AS6800 ASSEMBLER





        A.1  6800 REGISTER SET

        The following is a list of the 6800 registers used by AS6800:

                a,b     -       8-bit accumulators
                x       -       index register


        A.2  6800 INSTRUCTION SET


           The following tables list all 6800/6802/6808 mnemonics recog-
        nized by the AS6800 assembler.  The designation [] refers  to  a
        required addressing mode argument.  The following list specifies
        the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6800:

                #data           immediate data
                                byte or word data

                *dir            direct page addressing
                                (see .setdp directive)
                                0 <= dir <= 255

                ,x              register indirect addressing
                                zero offset

                offset,x        register indirect addressing
                                0 <= offset <= 255

                ext             extended addressing

                label           branch label

        The  terms  data, dir, offset, ext, and label may all be expres-
        sions.



        AS6800 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE A-2
        6800 INSTRUCTION SET


           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to the 6800 technical data for valid modes.


        A.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                aba                     cba
                clc                     cli
                clv                     daa
                des                     dex
                ins                     inx
                nop                     rti
                rts                     sba
                sec                     sei
                sev                     swi
                tab                     tap
                tba                     tpa
                tsx                     txs
                wai

                psha                    pshb
                psh a                   psh b
                pula                    pulb
                pul a                   pul b


        A.2.2  Branch Instructions

                bra     label           bhi     label
                bls     label           bcc     label
                bhs     label           bcs     label
                blo     label           bne     label
                beq     label           bvc     label
                bvs     label           bpl     label
                bmi     label           bge     label
                blt     label           bgt     label
                ble     label           bsr     label


        AS6800 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE A-3
        6800 INSTRUCTION SET


        A.2.3  Single Operand Instructions

                asla                    aslb
                asl a                   asl b
                asl     []

                asra                    asrb
                asr a                   asr b
                asr     []

                clra                    clrb
                clr a                   clr b
                clr     []

                coma                    comb
                com a                   com b
                com     []

                deca                    decb
                dec a                   dec b
                dec     []

                inca                    incb
                inc a                   inc b
                inc     []

                lsla                    lslb
                lsl a                   lsl b
                lsl     []

                lsra                    lsrb
                lsr a                   lsr b
                lsr     []

                nega                    negb
                neg a                   neg b
                neg     []

                rola                    rolb
                rol a                   rol b
                rol     []

                rora                    rorb
                ror a                   ror b
                ror     []

                tsta                    tstb
                tst a                   tst b
                tst     []


        AS6800 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE A-4
        6800 INSTRUCTION SET


        A.2.4  Double Operand Instructions

                adca    []              adcb    []
                adc a   []              adc b   []

                adda    []              addb    []
                add a   []              add b   []

                anda    []              andb    []
                and a   []              and b   []

                bita    []              bitb    []
                bit a   []              bit b   []

                cmpa    []              cmpb    []
                cmp a   []              cmp b   []

                eora    []              eorb    []
                eor a   []              eor b   []

                ldaa    []              ldab    []
                lda a   []              lda b   []

                oraa    []              orab    []
                ora a   []              ora b   []

                sbca    []              sbcb    []
                sbc a   []              sbc b   []

                staa    []              stab    []
                sta a   []              sta b   []

                suba    []              subb    []
                sub a   []              sub b   []


        A.2.5  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                jmp     []              jsr     []




        AS6800 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE A-5
        6800 INSTRUCTION SET


        A.2.6  Long Register Instructions

                cpx     []
                lds     []              sts     []
                ldx     []              stx     []














                                   APPENDIX B

                                AS6801 ASSEMBLER





        B.1  .hd6303 DIRECTIVE

        Format:

                .hd6303

        The  .hd6303 directive enables processing of the HD6303 specific
        mnemonics not included in  the  6801  instruction  set.   HD6303
        mnemonics  encountered  without  the  .hd6303  directive will be
        flagged with an 'o' error.


        B.2  6801 REGISTER SET

        The following is a list of the 6801 registers used by AS6801:

                a,b     -       8-bit accumulators
                d       -       16-bit accumulator <a:b>
                x       -       index register


        B.3  6801 INSTRUCTION SET


           The  following tables list all 6801/6303 mnemonics recognized
        by the AS6801 assembler.  The designation []  refers  to  a  re-
        quired  addressing  mode argument.  The following list specifies
        the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6801:

                #data           immediate data
                                byte or word data

                *dir            direct page addressing
                                (see .setdp directive)
                                0 <= dir <= 255



        AS6801 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE B-2
        6801 INSTRUCTION SET


                ,x              register indirect addressing
                                zero offset

                offset,x        register indirect addressing
                                0 <= offset <= 255

                ext             extended addressing

                label           branch label

        The  terms  data, dir, offset, ext, and label may all be expres-
        sions.

           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to  the  6801/6303  technical  data  for  valid
        modes.


        B.3.1  Inherent Instructions

                aba             abx
                cba             clc
                cli             clv
                daa             des
                dex             ins
                inx             mul
                nop             rti
                rts             sba
                sec             sei
                sev             swi
                tab             tap
                tba             tpa
                tsx             txs
                wai


        B.3.2  Branch Instructions

                bra     label           brn     label
                bhi     label           bls     label
                bcc     label           bhs     label
                bcs     label           blo     label
                bne     label           beq     label
                bvc     label           bvs     label
                bpl     label           bmi     label
                bge     label           blt     label
                bgt     label           ble     label
                bsr     label


        AS6801 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE B-3
        6801 INSTRUCTION SET


        B.3.3  Single Operand Instructions

                asla            aslb            asld
                asl a           asl b           asl d
                asl     []

                asra            asrb
                asr a           asr b
                asr     []

                clra            clrb
                clr a           clr b
                clr     []

                coma            comb
                com a           com b
                com     []

                deca            decb
                dec a           dec b
                dec     []

                eora            eorb
                eor a           eor b
                eor     []

                inca            incb
                inc a           inc b
                inc     []

                lsla            lslb            lsld
                lsl a           lsl b           lsl d
                lsl     []

                lsra            lsrb            lsrd
                lsr a           lsr b           lsr d
                lsr     []

                nega            negb
                neg a           neg b
                neg     []

                psha            pshb            pshx
                psh a           psh b           psh x

                pula            pulb            pulx
                pul a           pul b           pul x

                rola            rolb
                rol a           rol b
                rol     []



        AS6801 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE B-4
        6801 INSTRUCTION SET


                rora            rorb
                ror a           ror b
                ror     []

                tsta            tstb
                tst a           tst b
                tst     []


        B.3.4  Double Operand Instructions

                adca    []      adcb    []
                adc a   []      adc b   []

                adda    []      addb    []      addd    []
                add a   []      add b   []      add d   []

                anda    []      andb    []
                and a   []      and b   []

                bita    []      bitb    []
                bit a   []      bit b   []

                cmpa    []      cmpb    []
                cmp a   []      cmp b   []

                ldaa    []      ldab    []
                lda a   []      lda b   []

                oraa    []      orab    []
                ora a   []      ora b   []

                sbca    []      sbcb    []
                sbc a   []      sbc b   []

                staa    []      stab    []
                sta a   []      sta b   []

                suba    []      subb    []      subd    []
                sub a   []      sub b   []      sub d   []




        AS6801 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE B-5
        6801 INSTRUCTION SET


        B.3.5  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                jmp     []      jsr     []


        B.3.6  Long Register Instructions

                cpx     []      ldd     []
                lds     []      ldx     []
                std     []      sts     []
                stx     []


        B.3.7  6303 Specific Instructions

                aim     #data, []       eim     #data, []
                oim     #data, []       tim     #data, []

                xgdx            slp














                                   APPENDIX C

                                AS6804 ASSEMBLER




           Requires the .setdp directive to specify the ram area.


        C.1  6804 REGISTER SET

        The following is a list of the 6804 registers used by AS6804:

                x,y     -       index registers


        C.2  6804 INSTRUCTION SET


           The  following  tables  list all 6804 mnemonics recognized by
        the AS6804 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
        addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
        format for each addressing mode supported by AS6804:

                #data           immediate data
                                byte or word data

                ,x              register indirect addressing

                dir             direct addressing
                                (see .setdp directive)
                                0 <= dir <= 255

                ext             extended addressing

                label           branch label

        The  terms data, dir, and ext may be expressions.  The label for
        the short branchs beq, bne, bcc, and bcs must not be external.

           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to the 6804 technical data for valid modes.


        AS6804 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE C-2
        6804 INSTRUCTION SET


        C.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                coma            decx
                decy            incx
                incy            rola
                rti             rts
                stop            tax
                tay             txa
                tya             wait


        C.2.2  Branch Instructions

                bne     label           beq     label
                bcc     label           bcs     label


        C.2.3  Single Operand Instructions

                add     []
                and     []
                cmp     []
                dec     []
                inc     []
                lda     []
                sta     []
                sub     []


        C.2.4  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                jsr     []
                jmp     []


        C.2.5  Bit Test Instructions

                brclr   #data,[],label
                brset   #data,[],label

                bclr    #label,[]
                bset    #label,[]




        AS6804 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE C-3
        6804 INSTRUCTION SET


        C.2.6  Load Immediate data Instruction

                mvi     [],#data


        C.2.7  6804 Derived Instructions

                asla
                bam     label
                bap     label
                bxmi    label
                bxpl    label
                bymi    label
                bypl    label
                clra
                clrx
                clry
                deca
                decx
                decy
                inca
                incx
                incy
                ldxi    #data
                ldyi    #data
                nop
                tax
                tay
                txa
                tya














                                   APPENDIX D

                                AS6805 ASSEMBLER





        D.1  6805 REGISTER SET

        The following is a list of the 6805 registers used by AS6805:

                a       -       8-bit accumulator
                x       -       index register


        D.2  6805 INSTRUCTION SET


           The  following  tables  list all 6805 mnemonics recognized by
        the AS6805 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
        addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
        format for each addressing mode supported by AS6805:

                #data           immediate data
                                byte or word data

                *dir            direct page addressing
                                (see .setdp directive)
                                0 <= dir <= 255

                ,x              register indirect addressing
                                zero offset

                offset,x        register indirect addressing
                                  0 <= offset <= 255   --- byte mode
                                256 <= offset <= 65535 --- word mode
                                (an externally defined offset uses the
                                 word mode)

                ext             extended addressing

                label           branch label



        AS6805 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE D-2
        6805 INSTRUCTION SET


        The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions.

           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to the 6805 technical data for valid modes.


        D.2.1  Control Instructions

                clc             cli
                nop             rsp
                rti             rts
                sec             sei
                stop            swi
                tax             txa
                wait


        D.2.2  Bit Manipulation Instructions

                brset   #data,*dir,label
                brclr   #data,*dir,label

                bset    #data,*dir
                bclr    #data,*dir


        D.2.3  Branch Instructions

                bra     label           brn     label
                bhi     label           bls     label
                bcc     label           bcs     label
                bne     label           beq     label
                bhcc    label           bhcs    label
                bpl     label           bmi     label
                bmc     label           bms     label
                bil     label           bih     label
                bsr     label


        AS6805 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE D-3
        6805 INSTRUCTION SET


        D.2.4  Read-Modify-Write Instructions

                nega            negx
                neg     []

                coma            comx
                com     []

                lsra            lsrx
                lsr     []

                rora            rorx
                ror     []

                asra            asrx
                asr     []

                lsla            lslx
                lsl     []

                rola            rolx
                rol     []

                deca            decx
                dec     []

                inca            incx
                inc     []

                tsta            tstx
                tst     []

                clra            clrx
                clr     []


        D.2.5  Register\Memory Instructions

                sub     []              cmp     []
                sbc     []              cpx     []
                and     []              bit     []
                lda     []              sta     []
                eor     []              adc     []
                ora     []              add     []
                ldx     []              stx     []


        AS6805 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE D-4
        6805 INSTRUCTION SET


        D.2.6  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                jmp     []              jsr     []














                                   APPENDIX E

                               AS68HC08 ASSEMBLER





        E.1  68HC08 REGISTER SET

        The  following  is  a  list  of  the  68HC08  registers  used by
        AS68HC08:

                a       -       8-bit accumulator
                x       -       index register  <H:X>
                s       -       stack pointer


        E.2  68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET


           The  following tables list all 68HC08 mnemonics recognized by
        the AS68HC08 assembler.  The designation [] refers to a required
        addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
        format for each addressing mode supported by AS68HC08:

                #data           immediate data
                                byte or word data

                *dir            direct page addressing
                                (see .setdp directive)
                                0 <= dir <= 255

                ,x              register indexed addressing
                                zero offset

                offset,x        register indexed addressing
                                  0 <= offset <= 255   --- byte mode
                                256 <= offset <= 65535 --- word mode
                                (an externally defined offset uses the
                                 word mode)

                ,x+             register indexed addressing
                                zero offset with post increment


        AS68HC08 ASSEMBLER                                      PAGE E-2
        68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET



                offset,x+       register indexed addressing
                                unsigned byte offset with post increment

                offset,s        stack pointer indexed addressing
                                  0 <= offset <= 255   --- byte mode
                                256 <= offset <= 65535 --- word mode
                                (an externally defined offset uses the
                                 word mode)

                ext             extended addressing

                label           branch label

        The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions.

           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to the 68HC08 technical data for valid modes.


        E.2.1  Control Instructions

                clc             cli             daa             div
                mul             nop             nsa             psha
                pshh            pshx            pula            pulh
                pulx            rsp             rti             rts
                sec             sei             stop            swi
                tap             tax             tpa             tsx
                txa             txs             wait


        E.2.2  Bit Manipulation Instructions

                brset   #data,*dir,label
                brclr   #data,*dir,label

                bset    #data,*dir
                bclr    #data,*dir


        AS68HC08 ASSEMBLER                                      PAGE E-3
        68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET


        E.2.3  Branch Instructions

                bra     label           brn     label
                bhi     label           bls     label
                bcc     label           bcs     label
                bne     label           beq     label
                bhcc    label           bhcs    label
                bpl     label           bmi     label
                bmc     label           bms     label
                bil     label           bih     label
                bsr     label           bge     label
                blt     label           bgt     label
                ble     label


        E.2.4  Complex Branch Instructions

                cbeqa   [],label
                cbeqx   [],label
                cbeq    [],label
                dbnza   label
                dbnzx   label
                dbnz    [],label


        AS68HC08 ASSEMBLER                                      PAGE E-4
        68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET


        E.2.5  Read-Modify-Write Instructions

                nega                    negx
                neg     []

                coma                    comx
                com     []

                lsra                    lsrx
                lsr     []

                rora                    rorx
                ror     []

                asra                    asrx
                asr     []

                asla                    aslx
                asl     []

                lsla                    lslx
                lsl     []

                rola                    rolx
                rol     []

                deca                    decx
                dec     []

                inca                    incx
                inc     []

                tsta                    tstx
                tst     []

                clra                    clrx
                clr     []              clrh

                aix     #data

                ais     #data


        AS68HC08 ASSEMBLER                                      PAGE E-5
        68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET


        E.2.6  Register\Memory Instructions

                sub     []              cmp     []
                sbc     []              cpx     []
                and     []              bit     []
                lda     []              sta     []
                eor     []              adc     []
                ora     []              add     []
                ldx     []              stx     []


        E.2.7  Double Operand Move Instruction

                mov     [],[]


        E.2.8  16-Bit <H:X> Index Register Instructions

                cphx    []
                ldhx    []
                sthx    []


        E.2.9  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                jmp     []              jsr     []














                                   APPENDIX F

                                AS6809 ASSEMBLER





        F.1  6809 REGISTER SET

        The following is a list of the 6809 registers used by AS6809:

                a,b     -       8-bit accumulators
                d       -       16-bit accumulator <a:b>
                x,y     -       index registers
                s,u     -       stack pointers
                pc      -       program counter
                cc      -       condition code
                dp      -       direct page


        F.2  6809 INSTRUCTION SET


           The  following  tables  list all 6809 mnemonics recognized by
        the AS6809 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
        addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
        format for each addressing mode supported by AS6809:

                #data           immediate data
                                byte or word data

                *dir            direct page addressing
                                (see .setdp directive)
                                0 <= dir <= 255

                label           branch label

                r,r1,r2         registers
                                cc,a,b,d,dp,x,y,s,u,pc

                ,-x     ,--x    register indexed
                                autodecrement



        AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE F-2
        6809 INSTRUCTION SET


                ,x+     ,x++    register indexed
                                autoincrement

                ,x              register indexed addressing
                                zero offset

                offset,x        register indexed addressing
                                   -16 <= offset <= 15    ---  5-bit
                                  -128 <= offset <= -17   ---  8-bit
                                    16 <= offset <= 127   ---  8-bit
                                -32768 <= offset <= -129  --- 16-bit
                                   128 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit
                                (external definition of offset
                                 uses 16-bit mode)

                a,x             accumulator offset indexed addressing

                ext             extended addressing

                ext,pc          pc addressing ( pc <- pc + ext )

                ext,pcr         pc relative addressing

                [,--x]          register indexed indirect
                                autodecrement

                [,x++]          register indexed indirect
                                autoincrement

                [,x]            register indexed indirect addressing
                                zero offset

                [offset,x]      register indexed indirect addressing
                                  -128 <= offset <= 127   ---  8-bit
                                -32768 <= offset <= -129  --- 16-bit
                                   128 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit
                                (external definition of offset
                                 uses 16-bit mode)

                [a,x]           accumulator offset indexed
                                indirect addressing

                [ext]           extended indirect addressing

                [ext,pc]        pc indirect addressing
                                ( [pc <- pc + ext] )

                [ext,pcr]       pc relative indirect addressing

        The  terms  data, dir, label, offset, and ext may all be expres-
        sions.



        AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE F-3
        6809 INSTRUCTION SET


           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to the 6809 technical data for valid modes.


        F.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                abx             daa
                mul             nop
                rti             rts
                sex             swi
                swi1            swi2
                swi3            sync


        F.2.2  Short Branch Instructions

                bcc     label           bcs     label
                beq     label           bge     label
                bgt     label           bhi     label
                bhis    label           bhs     label
                ble     label           blo     label
                blos    label           bls     label
                blt     label           bmi     label
                bne     label           bpl     label
                bra     label           brn     label
                bvc     label           bvs     label
                bsr     label


        F.2.3  Long Branch Instructions

                lbcc    label           lbcs    label
                lbeq    label           lbge    label
                lbgt    label           lbhi    label
                lbhis   label           lbhs    label
                lble    label           lblo    label
                lblos   label           lbls    label
                lblt    label           lbmi    label
                lbne    label           lbpl    label
                lbra    label           lbrn    label
                lbvc    label           lbvs    label
                lbsr    label


        AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE F-4
        6809 INSTRUCTION SET


        F.2.4  Single Operand Instructions

                asla            aslb
                asl     []

                asra            asrb
                asr     []

                clra            clrb
                clr     []

                coma            comb
                com     []

                deca            decb
                dec     []

                inca            incb
                inc     []

                lsla            lslb
                lsl     []

                lsra            lsrb
                lsr     []

                nega            negb
                neg     []

                rola            rolb
                rol     []

                rora            rorb
                ror     []

                tsta            tstb
                tst     []


        AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE F-5
        6809 INSTRUCTION SET


        F.2.5  Double Operand Instructions

                adca    []              adcb    []

                adda    []              addb    []

                anda    []              andb    []

                bita    []              bitb    []

                cmpa    []              cmpb    []

                eora    []              eorb    []

                lda     []              ldb     []

                ora     []              orb     []

                sbca    []              sbcb    []

                sta     []              stb     []

                suba    []              subb    []


        F.2.6  D-register Instructions

                addd    []              subd    []
                cmpd    []              ldd     []
                std     []


        F.2.7  Index/Stack Register Instructions

                cmps    []              cmpu    []
                cmpx    []              cmpy    []

                lds     []              ldu     []
                ldx     []              ldy     []

                leas    []              leau    []
                leax    []              leay    []

                sts     []              stu     []
                stx     []              sty     []

                pshs    r               pshu    r
                puls    r               pulu    r


        AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE F-6
        6809 INSTRUCTION SET


        F.2.8  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                jmp     []              jsr     []


        F.2.9  Register - Register Instructions

                exg     r1,r2           tfr     r1,r2


        F.2.10  Condition Code Register Instructions

                andcc   #data           orcc    #data
                cwai    #data


        F.2.11  6800 Compatibility Instructions

                aba             cba
                clc             cli
                clv             des
                dex             ins
                inx
                ldaa    []      ldab    []
                oraa    []      orab    []
                psha            pshb
                pula            pulb
                sba             sec
                sei             sev
                staa    []      stab    []
                tab             tap
                tba             tpa
                tsx             txs
                wai














                                   APPENDIX G

                                AS6811 ASSEMBLER





        G.1  6811 REGISTER SET

        The following is a list of the 6811 registers used by AS6811:

                a,b     -       8-bit accumulators
                d       -       16-bit accumulator <a:b>
                x,y     -       index registers


        G.2  6811 INSTRUCTION SET


           The  following  tables  list all 6811 mnemonics recognized by
        the AS6811 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
        addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
        format for each addressing mode supported by AS6811:

                #data           immediate data
                                byte or word data

                *dir            direct page addressing
                                (see .setdp directive)
                                0 <= dir <= 255

                ,x              register indirect addressing
                                zero offset

                offset,x        register indirect addressing
                                0 <= offset <= 255

                ext             extended addressing

                label           branch label

        The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions.



        AS6811 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE G-2
        6811 INSTRUCTION SET


           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to the 6811 technical data for valid modes.


        G.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                aba             abx
                aby             cba
                clc             cli
                clv             daa
                des             dex
                dey             fdiv
                idiv            ins
                inx             iny
                mul             nop
                rti             rts
                sba             sec
                sei             sev
                stop            swi
                tab             tap
                tba             tpa
                tsx             txs
                wai             xgdx
                xgdy

                psha            pshb
                psh a           psh b
                pshx            pshy
                psh x           psh y

                pula            pulb
                pul a           pul b
                pulx            puly
                pul x           pul y


        G.2.2  Branch Instructions

                bra     label           brn     label
                bhi     label           bls     label
                bcc     label           bhs     label
                bcs     label           blo     label
                bne     label           beq     label
                bvc     label           bvs     label
                bpl     label           bmi     label
                bge     label           blt     label
                bgt     label           ble     label
                bsr     label


        AS6811 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE G-3
        6811 INSTRUCTION SET


        G.2.3  Single Operand Instructions

                asla            aslb            asld
                asl a           asl b           asl d
                asl     []

                asra            asrb
                asr a           asr b
                asr     []

                clra            clrb
                clr a           clr b
                clr     label

                coma            comb
                com a           com b
                com     []

                deca            decb
                dec a           dec b
                dec     []

                inca            incb
                inc a           inc b
                inc     []

                lsla            lslb            lsld
                lsl a           lsl b           lsl d
                lsl     []

                lsra            lsrb            lsrd
                lsr a           lsr b           lsr d
                lsr     []

                nega            negb
                neg a           neg b
                neg     []

                rola            rolb
                rol a           rol b
                rol     []

                rora            rorb
                ror a           ror b
                ror     []

                tsta            tstb
                tst a           tst b
                tst     []


        AS6811 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE G-4
        6811 INSTRUCTION SET


        G.2.4  Double Operand Instructions

                adca    []              adcb    []
                adc a   []              adc b   []

                adda    []      addb    []      addd    []
                add a   []      add b   []      add d   []

                anda    []              andb    []
                and a   []              and b   []

                bita    []              bitb    []
                bit a   []              bit b   []

                cmpa    []              cmpb    []
                cmp a   []              cmp b   []

                eora    []              eorb    []
                eor a   []              eor b   []

                ldaa    []              ldab    []
                lda a   []              lda b   []

                oraa    []              orab    []
                ora a   []              ora b   []

                sbca    []              sbcb    []
                sbc a   []              sbc b   []

                staa    []              stab    []
                sta a   []              sta b   []

                suba    []      subb    []      subd    []
                sub a   []      sub b   []      sub d   []


        G.2.5  Bit Manupulation Instructions

                bclr    [],#data
                bset    [],#data

                brclr   [],#data,label
                brset   [],#data,label




        AS6811 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE G-5
        6811 INSTRUCTION SET


        G.2.6  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                jmp     []              jsr     []


        G.2.7  Long Register Instructions

                cpx     []              cpy     []

                ldd     []              lds     []
                ldx     []              ldy     []

                std     []              sts     []
                stx     []              sty     []














                                   APPENDIX H

                                AS6816 ASSEMBLER





        H.1  6816 REGISTER SET

        The following is a list of the 6816 registers used by AS6816:

                a,b     -       8-bit accumulators
                d       -       16-bit accumulator <a:b>
                e       -       16-bit accumulator
                x,y,z   -       index registers
                k       -       address extension register
                s       -       stack pointer
                ccr     -       condition code


        H.2  6816 INSTRUCTION SET


           The  following  tables  list all 6816 mnemonics recognized by
        the AS6816 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
        addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
        format for each addressing mode supported by AS6816:

                #data           immediate data
                                byte or word data

                #xo,#yo         local immediate data (mac / rmac)

                label           branch label

                r               register
                                ccr,a,b,d,e,x,y,z,s

                ,x              zero offset register indexed addressing
                ,x8
                ,x16

                offset,x        register indexed addressing


        AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-2
        6816 INSTRUCTION SET


                                     0 <= offset <= 255   ---  8-bit
                                -32768 <= offset <= -1    --- 16-bit
                                   256 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit
                                (external definition of offset
                                 uses 16-bit mode)

                offset,x8       unsigned 8-bit offset indexed addressing
                offset,x16      signed 16-bit offset indexed addressing

                e,x             accumulator offset indexed addressing

                ext             extended addressing

                bank            64K bank number (jmp / jsr)

        The  terms data, label, offset, bank, and ext may all be expres-
        sions.

           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to the 6816 technical data for valid modes.


        H.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                aba             abx             aby             abz
                ace             aced            ade             adx
                ady             adz             aex             aey
                aez             bgnd            cba             daa
                ediv            edivs           emul            emuls
                fdiv            fmuls           idiv            ldhi
                lpstop          mul             nop             psha
                pshb            pshmac          pula            pulb
                pulmac          rtr             rts             sba
                sde             sted            swi             sxt
                tab             tap             tba             tbek
                tbsk            tbxk            tbyk            tbzk
                tde             tdmsk           tdp             ted
                tedm            tekb            tem             tmer
                tmet            tmxed           tpa             tpd
                tskb            tsx             tsy             tsz
                txkb            txs             txy             txz
                tykb            tys             tyx             tyz
                tzkb            tzs             tzx             tzy
                wai             xgab            xgde            xgdx
                xgdy            xgdz            xgex            xgey
                xgez


        AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-3
        6816 INSTRUCTION SET


        H.2.2  Push/Pull Multiple Register Instructions

                pshm    r,...           pulm    r,...


        H.2.3  Short Branch Instructions

                bcc     label           bcs     label
                beq     label           bge     label
                bgt     label           bhi     label
                bhis    label           bhs     label
                ble     label           blo     label
                blos    label           bls     label
                blt     label           bmi     label
                bne     label           bpl     label
                bra     label           brn     label
                bvc     label           bvs     label
                bsr     label


        H.2.4  Long Branch Instructions

                lbcc    label           lbcs    label
                lbeq    label           lbge    label
                lbgt    label           lbhi    label
                lbhis   label           lbhs    label
                lble    label           lblo    label
                lblos   label           lbls    label
                lblt    label           lbmi    label
                lbne    label           lbpl    label
                lbra    label           lbrn    label
                lbvc    label           lbvs    label
                lbsr    label


        H.2.5  Bit Manipulation Instructions

                bclr    [],#data
                bset    [],#data

                brclr   [],#data,label
                brset   [],#data,label


        AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-4
        6816 INSTRUCTION SET


        H.2.6  Single Operand Instructions

                asla                    aslb
                asld                    asle
                aslm
                asl     []              aslw    []

                asra                    asrb
                asrd                    asre
                asrm
                asr     []              asrw    []

                clra                    clrb
                clrd                    clre
                                        clrm
                clr     []              clrw    []

                coma                    comb
                comd                    come
                com     []              comw    []

                deca                    decb
                dec     []              decw    []

                inca                    incb
                inc     []              incw    []

                lsla                    lslb
                lsld                    lsle
                lslm
                lsl     []              lslw    []

                lsra                    lsrb
                lsrd                    lsre
                lsr     []              lsrw    []

                nega                    negb
                negd                    nege
                neg     []              negw    []

                rola                    rolb
                rold                    role
                rol     []              rolw    []

                rora                    rorb
                rord                    rore
                ror     []              rorw    []

                tsta                    tstb
                tsta                    tste
                tst     []              tstw    []


        AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-5
        6816 INSTRUCTION SET


        H.2.7  Double Operand Instructions

                adca    []              adcb    []
                adcd    []              adce    []

                adda    []              addb    []
                addd    []              adde    []

                anda    []              andb    []
                andd    []              ande    []

                bita    []              bitb    []

                cmpa    []              cmpb    []
                cpd     []              cpe     []

                eora    []              eorb    []
                eord    []              eore    []

                ldaa    []              ldab    []
                ldd     []              lde     []

                oraa    []              orab    []
                ord     []              ore     []

                sbca    []              sbcb    []
                sbcd    []              sbce    []

                staa    []              stab    []
                std     []              ste     []

                suba    []              subb    []
                subd    []              sube    []


        H.2.8  Index/Stack Register Instructions

                cps     []              cpx     []
                cpy     []              cpz     []

                lds     []              ldx     []
                ldy     []              ldz     []

                sts     []              stx     []
                sty     []              stz     []


        AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-6
        6816 INSTRUCTION SET


        H.2.9  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                jmp     bank,[]         jsr     bank,[]


        H.2.10  Condition Code Register Instructions

                andp    #data           orp     #data


        H.2.11  Multiply and Accumulate Instructions

                mac     #data           rmac    #data
                mac     #xo,#yo         rmac    #xo,#yo














                                   APPENDIX I

                                 ASH8 ASSEMBLER





        I.1  H8/3XX REGISTER SET

        The following is a list of the H8 registers used by ASH8:

                r0  -  r7,sp            16-bit accumulators
                r0L -  r7L,spL          8-bit accumulators
                r0H -  r7H,spH          8-bit accumulators
                spL,spH,sp              stack pointers
                ccr                     condition code


        I.2  H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET


           The  following tables list all H8/3xx mnemonics recognized by
        the ASH8 assembler.  The designation [] refers to a required ad-
        dressing mode argument.  The following list specifies the format
        for each addressing mode supported by ASH8:

                #xx:3           immediate data (3  bit)
                #xx:8           immediate data (8  bit)
                #xx:16          immediate data (16 bit)

                *dir            direct page addressing
                                (see .setdp directive)
                                0 <= dir <= 255

                label           branch label


                rn              registers (16 bit)
                                r0-r7,sp

                rnB             registers (8 bit)
                                r0H-r7H,r0L-r7L,spH,spL



        ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE I-2
        H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET


                ccr             condition code register

                @rn             register indirect

                @-rn            register indirect (auto pre-decrement)

                @rn+            register indirect (auto post-increment)

                @[offset,rn]    register indirect, 16-bit displacement

                @@offset        memory indirect, (8-bit address)

                ext             extended addressing (16-bit)

        The  terms  data, dir, label, offset, and ext may all be expres-
        sions.

           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to the H8/3xx technical data for valid modes.


        I.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                eepmov
                nop
                sleep
                rte
                rts


        I.2.2  Branch Instructions

                bcc     label                   bcs     label
                beq     label                   bf      label
                bge     label                   bgt     label
                bhi     label                   bhis    label
                bhs     label                   ble     label
                blo     label                   blos    label
                bls     label                   blt     label
                bmi     label                   bne     label
                bpl     label                   bra     label
                brn     label                   bt      label
                bvc     label                   bvs     label
                bsr     label


        ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE I-3
        H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET


        I.2.3  Single Operand Instructions

                Free Form

                daa     rnB                     das     rnB

                dec     rnB                     inc     rnB

                neg     rnB                     not     rnB

                rotxl   rnB                     rotxr   rnB

                rotl    rnB                     rotr    rnB

                shal    rnB                     shar    rnB

                shll    rnB                     shlr    rnB

                push    rn                      pop     rn


                Byte / Word Form

                daa.b   rnB                     das.b   rnB

                dec.b   rnB                     inc.b   rnB

                neg.b   rnB                     not.b   rnB

                rotxl.b rnB                     rotxr.b rnB

                rotl.b  rnB                     rotr.b  rnB

                shal.b  rnB                     shar.b  rnB

                shll.b  rnB                     shlr.b  rnB

                push.w  rn                      pop.w   rn


        ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE I-4
        H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET


        I.2.4  Double Operand Instructions

                Free Form

                add     rnB,rnB                 add     #xx:8,rnB
                add     rn,rn

                cmp     rnB,rnB                 cmp     #xx:8,rnB
                cmp     rn,rn

                sub     rnB,rnB
                sub     rn,rn

                addx    rnB,rnB                 addx    #xx:8,rnB

                and     rnB,rnB                 and     #xx:8,rnB
                                                and     #xx:8,ccr

                or      rnB,rnB                 or      #xx:8,rnB
                                                or      #xx:8,ccr

                subx    rnB,rnB                 subx    #xx:8,rnB

                xor     rnB,rnB                 xor     #xx:8,rnB
                                                xor     #xx:8,ccr


                Byte / Word Form

                add.b   rnB,rnB                 add.b   #xx:8,rnB
                add.w   rn,rn

                cmp.b   rnB,rnB                 cmp.b   #xx:8,rnB
                cmp.w   rn,rn

                sub.b   rnB,rnB
                sub.w   rn,rn

                addx.b  rnB,rnB                 addx.b  #xx:8,rnB

                and.b   rnB,rnB                 and.b   #xx:8,rnB
                                                and.b   #xx:8,ccr

                or.b    rnB,rnB                 or.b    #xx:8,rnB
                                                or.b    #xx:8,ccr

                subx.b  rnB,rnB                 subx.b  #xx:8,rnB

                xor.b   rnB,rnB                 xor.b   #xx:8,rnB
                                                xor.b   #xx:8,ccr


        ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE I-5
        H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET


        I.2.5  Mov Instructions

                Free Form

                mov     rnB,rnB                 mov     rn,rn
                mov     #xx:8,rnB               mov     #xx:16,rn
                mov     @rn,rnB                 mov     @rn,rn
                mov     @[offset,rn],rnB        mov     @[offset,rn],rn
                mov     @rn+,rnB                mov     @rn+,rn
                mov     @dir,rnB
                mov     dir,rnB
                mov     *@dir,rnB
                mov     *dir,rnB
                mov     @label,rnB              mov     @label,rn
                mov     label,rnB               mov     label,rn
                mov     rnB,@rn                 mov     rn,@rn
                mov     rnB,@[offset,rn]        mov     rn,@[offset,rn]
                mov     rnB,@-rn                mov     rn,@-rn
                mov     rnB,@dir
                mov     rnB,dir
                mov     rnB,*@dir
                mov     rnB,*dir
                mov     rnB,@label              mov     rn,@label
                mov     rnB,label               mov     rn,label


                Byte / Word Form

                mov.b   rnB,rnB                 mov.w   rn,rn
                mov.b   #xx:8,rnB               mov.w   #xx:16,rn
                mov.b   @rn,rnB                 mov.w   @rn,rn
                mov.b   @[offset,rn],rnB        mov.w   @[offset,rn],rn
                mov.b   @rn+,rnB                mov.w   @rn+,rn
                mov.b   @dir,rnB
                mov.b   dir,rnB
                mov.b   *@dir,rnB
                mov.b   *dir,rnB
                mov.b   @label,rnB              mov.w   @label,rn
                mov.b   label,rnB               mov.w   label,rn
                mov.b   rnB,@rn                 mov.w   rn,@rn
                mov.b   rnB,@[offset,rn]        mov.w   rn,@[offset,rn]
                mov.b   rnB,@-rn                mov.w   rn,@-rn
                mov.b   rnB,@dir
                mov.b   rnB,dir
                mov.b   rnB,*@dir
                mov.b   rnB,*dir
                mov.b   rnB,@label              mov.w   rn,@label
                mov.b   rnB,label               mov.w   rn,label


        ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE I-6
        H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET


        I.2.6  Bit Manipulation Instructions

                bld     #xx:3,rnB               bld     #xx:3,@rn
                bld     #xx:3,@dir              bld     #xx:3,dir
                bld     #xx:3,*@dir             bld     #xx:3,*dir

                bild    #xx:3,rnB               bild    #xx:3,@rn
                bild    #xx:3,@dir              bild    #xx:3,dir
                bild    #xx:3,*@dir             bild    #xx:3,*dir

                bst     #xx:3,rnB               bst     #xx:3,@rn
                bst     #xx:3,@dir              bst     #xx:3,dir
                bst     #xx:3,*@dir             bst     #xx:3,*dir

                bist    #xx:3,rnB               bist    #xx:3,@rn
                bist    #xx:3,@dir              bist    #xx:3,dir
                bist    #xx:3,*@dir             bist    #xx:3,*dir

                band    #xx:3,rnB               band    #xx:3,@rn
                band    #xx:3,@dir              band    #xx:3,dir
                band    #xx:3,*@dir             band    #xx:3,*dir

                biand   #xx:3,rnB               biand   #xx:3,@rn
                biand   #xx:3,@dir              biand   #xx:3,dir
                biand   #xx:3,*@dir             biand   #xx:3,*dir

                bor     #xx:3,rnB               bor     #xx:3,@rn
                bor     #xx:3,@dir              bor     #xx:3,dir
                bor     #xx:3,*@dir             bor     #xx:3,*dir

                bior    #xx:3,rnB               bior    #xx:3,@rn
                bior    #xx:3,@dir              bior    #xx:3,dir
                bior    #xx:3,*@dir             bior    #xx:3,*dir

                bxor    #xx:3,rnB               bxor    #xx:3,@rn
                bxor    #xx:3,@dir              bxor    #xx:3,dir
                bxor    #xx:3,*@dir             bxor    #xx:3,*dir

                bixor   #xx:3,rnB               bixor   #xx:3,@rn
                bixor   #xx:3,@dir              bixor   #xx:3,dir
                bixor   #xx:3,*@dir             bixor   #xx:3,*dir


        ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE I-7
        H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET


        I.2.7  Extended Bit Manipulation Instructions

                bset    #xx:3,rnB               bset    #xx:3,@rn
                bset    #xx:3,@dir              bset    #xx:3,dir
                bset    #xx:3,*@dir             bset    #xx:3,*dir
                bset    rnB,rnB                 bset    rnB,@rn
                bset    rnB,@dir                bset    rnB,dir
                bset    rnB,*@dir               bset    rnB,*dir

                bclr    #xx:3,rnB               bclr    #xx:3,@rn
                bclr    #xx:3,@dir              bclr    #xx:3,dir
                bclr    #xx:3,*@dir             bclr    #xx:3,*dir
                bclr    rnB,rnB                 bclr    rnB,@rn
                bclr    rnB,@dir                bclr    rnB,dir
                bclr    rnB,*@dir               bclr    rnB,*dir

                bnot    #xx:3,rnB               bnot    #xx:3,@rn
                bnot    #xx:3,@dir              bnot    #xx:3,dir
                bnot    #xx:3,*@dir             bnot    #xx:3,*dir
                bnot    rnB,rnB                 bnot    rnB,@rn
                bnot    rnB,@dir                bnot    rnB,dir
                bnot    rnB,*@dir               bnot    rnB,*dir

                btst    #xx:3,rnB               btst    #xx:3,@rn
                btst    #xx:3,@dir              btst    #xx:3,dir
                btst    #xx:3,*@dir             btst    #xx:3,*dir
                btst    rnB,rnB                 btst    rnB,@rn
                btst    rnB,@dir                btst    rnB,dir
                btst    rnB,*@dir               btst    rnB,*dir


        I.2.8  Condition Code Instructions

                andc    #xx:8,ccr               andc    #xx:8
                and     #xx:8,ccr               and.b   #xx:8,ccr

                ldc     #xx:8,ccr               ldc     #xx:8
                ldc     rnB,ccr                 ldc     rnB

                orc     #xx:8,ccr               orc     #xx:8
                or      #xx:8,ccr               or.b    #xx:8,ccr

                xorc    #xx:8,ccr               xorc    #xx:8
                xor     #xx:8,ccr               xor.b   #xx:8,ccr

                stc     ccr,rnB                 stc     rnB


        ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE I-8
        H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET


        I.2.9  Other Instructions

                divxu   rnB,rn                  divxu.b rnB,rn

                mulxu   rnB,rn                  mulxu.b rnB,rn

                movfpe  @label,rnB              movfpe  label,rnB
                movfpe.b  @label,rnB            movfpe.b  label,rnB

                movtpe  @label,rnB              movtpe  label,rnB
                movtpe.b  @label,rnB            movtpe.b  label,rnB


        I.2.10  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                jmp     @rn                     jmp     @@dir
                jmp     @label                  jmp     label

                jsr     @rn                     jsr     @@dir
                jsr     @label                  jsr     label














                                   APPENDIX J

                                AS8085 ASSEMBLER





        J.1  8085 REGISTER SET

        The  following  is  a  list  of  the 8080/8085 registers used by
        AS8085:

                a,b,c,d,e,h,l   -       8-bit accumulators
                m               -       memory through (hl)
                sp              -       stack pointer
                psw             -       status word


        J.2  8085 INSTRUCTION SET


           The  following tables list all 8080/8085 mnemonics recognized
        by the AS8085  assembler.   The  following  list  specifies  the
        format for each addressing mode supported by AS8085:

                #data           immediate data
                                byte or word data

                r,r1,r2         register or register pair
                                psw,a,b,c,d,e,h,l
                                bc,de,hl,sp,pc

                m               memory address using (hl)

                addr            direct memory addressing

                label           call or jump label

        The terms data, m, addr, and label may be expressions.

           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to  the  8080/8085  technical  data  for  valid
        modes.


        AS8085 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE J-2
        8085 INSTRUCTION SET


        J.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                cma             cmc
                daa             di
                ei              hlt
                nop             pchl
                ral             rar
                ret             rim
                rrc             rlc
                sim             sphl
                stc             xchg
                xthl


        J.2.2  Register/Memory/Immediate Instructions

                adc     r       adc     m       aci     #data
                add     r       add     m       adi     #data
                ana     r       ana     m       ani     #data
                cmp     r       cmp     m       cpi     #data
                ora     r       ora     m       ori     #data
                sbb     r       sbb     m       sbi     #data
                sub     r       sub     m       sui     #data
                xra     r       xra     m       xri     #data


        J.2.3  Call and Return Instructions

                cc      label           rc
                cm      label           rm
                cnc     label           rnc
                cnz     label           rnz
                cp      label           rp
                cpe     label           rpe
                cpo     label           rpo
                cz      label           rz
                call    label


        J.2.4  Jump Instructions

                jc      label
                jm      label
                jnc     label
                jnz     label
                jp      label
                jpe     label
                jpo     label
                jz      label
                jmp     label


        AS8085 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE J-3
        8085 INSTRUCTION SET


        J.2.5  Input/Output/Reset Instructions

                in      data
                out     data
                rst     data


        J.2.6  Move Instructions

                mov     r1,r2
                mov     r,m
                mov     m,r

                mvi     r,#data
                mvi     m,#data


        J.2.7  Other Instructions

                dcr     r               dcr     m
                inr     r               inr     m

                dad     r               dcx     r
                inx     r               ldax    r
                pop     r               push    r
                stax    r

                lda     addr            lhld    addr
                shld    addr            sta     addr

                lxi     r,#data














                                   APPENDIX K

                                 ASZ80 ASSEMBLER





        K.1  .hd64 DIRECTIVE

        Format:

                .hd64

        The  .hd64  directive enables processing of the HD64180 specific
        mnemonics not included in  the  Z80  instruction  set.   HD64180
        mnemonics  encountered  without  the  .hd64  directive  will  be
        flagged with an 'o' error.


        K.2  Z80 REGISTER SET AND CONDITIONS


           The following is a complete list of register designations and
        condition mnemonics:

                byte registers  -       a,b,c,d,e,h,l,i,r
                register pairs  -       af,af',bc,de,hl
                word registers  -       pc,sp,ix,iy

                C -     carry bit set
                M -     sign bit set
                NC -    carry bit clear
                NZ -    zero bit clear
                P -     sign bit clear
                PE -    parity even
                PO -    parity odd
                Z -     zero bit set




        ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                         PAGE K-2
        Z80 INSTRUCTION SET


        K.3  Z80 INSTRUCTION SET


           The  following  tables  list all Z80/HD64180 mnemonics recog-
        nized by the ASZ80 assembler.  The designation []  refers  to  a
        required addressing mode argument.  The following list specifies
        the format for each addressing mode supported by ASZ80:

                #data           immediate data
                                byte or word data

                n               byte value

                rg              a byte register
                                a,b,c,d,e,h,l

                rp              a register pair
                                bc,de,hl

                (hl)            implied addressing or
                                register indirect addressing

                (label)         direct addressing

                offset(ix)      indexed addressing with
                                an offset

                label           call/jmp/jr label

        The  terms  data,  dir,  offset, and ext may all be expressions.
        The terms dir and offset are not allowed to be  external  refer-
        ences.

           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to the Z80/HD64180  technical  data  for  valid
        modes.


        ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                         PAGE K-3
        Z80 INSTRUCTION SET


        K.3.1  Inherent Instructions

                ccf             cpd
                cpdr            cpi
                cpir            cpl
                daa             di
                ei              exx
                halt            neg
                nop             reti
                retn            rla
                rlca            rld
                rra             rrca
                rrd             scf


        K.3.2  Implicit Operand Instructions

                adc     a,[]            adc     []
                add     a,[]            add     []
                and     a,[]            and     []
                cp      a,[]            cp      []
                dec     a,[]            dec     []
                inc     a,[]            inc     []
                or      a,[]            or      []
                rl      a,[]            rl      []
                rlc     a,[]            rlc     []
                rr      a,[]            rr      []
                rrc     a,[]            rrc     []
                sbc     a,[]            sbc     []
                sla     a,[]            sla     []
                sra     a,[]            sra     []
                srl     a,[]            srl     []
                sub     a,[]            sub     []
                xor     a,[]            xor     []


        ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                         PAGE K-4
        Z80 INSTRUCTION SET


        K.3.3  Load Instruction

                ld      rg,[]           ld      [],rg
                ld      (bc),a          ld      a,(bc)
                ld      (de),a          ld      a,(de)
                ld      (label),a       ld      a,(label)
                ld      (label),rp      ld      rp,(label)
                ld      i,a             ld      r,a
                ld      a,i             ld      a,r
                ld      sp,hl           ld      sp,ix
                ld      sp,iy           ld      rp,#data

                ldd                     lddr
                ldi                     ldir


        K.3.4  Call/Return Instructions

                call    C,label         ret     C
                call    M,label         ret     M
                call    NC,label        ret     NC
                call    NZ,label        ret     NZ
                call    P,label         ret     P
                call    PE,label        ret     PE
                call    PO,label        ret     PO
                call    Z,label         ret     Z
                call    label           ret


        K.3.5  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                jp      C,label         jp      M,label
                jp      NC,label        jp      NZ,label
                jp      P,label         jp      PE,label
                jp      PO,label        jp      Z,label

                jp      (hl)            jp      (ix)
                jp      (iy)            jp      label

                djnz    label

                jr      C,label         jr      NC,label
                jr      NZ,label        jr      Z,label
                jr      label


        ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                         PAGE K-5
        Z80 INSTRUCTION SET


        K.3.6  Bit Manipulation Instructions

                bit     n,[]
                res     n,[]
                set     n,[]


        K.3.7  Interrupt Mode and Reset Instructions

                im      n
                im      n
                im      n
                rst     n


        K.3.8  Input and Output Instructions

                in      a,(n)           in      rg,(c)
                ind                     indr
                ini                     inir

                out     (n),a           out     (c),rg
                outd                    otdr
                outi                    otir


        K.3.9  Register Pair Instructions

                add     hl,rp           add     ix,rp
                add     iy,rp

                adc     hl,rp           sbc     hl,rp

                ex      (sp),hl         ex      (sp),ix
                ex      (sp),iy
                ex      de,hl
                ex      af,af'

                push    rp              pop     rp


        ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                         PAGE K-6
        Z80 INSTRUCTION SET


        K.3.10  HD64180 Specific Instructions

                in0     rg,(n)
                out0    (n),rg

                otdm                    otdmr
                otim                    otimr

                mlt     bc              mlt     de
                mlt     hl              mlt     sp

                slp

                tst     a
                tstio   #data














                                   APPENDIX L

                                AS6500 ASSEMBLER





        L.1  ACKNOWLEDGMENT


           Thanks  to  Marko  Makela  for his contribution of the AS6500
        cross assembler.

                Marko Makela
                Sillitie 10 A
                01480 Vantaa
                Finland
                Internet: Marko.Makela@Helsinki.Fi
                EARN/BitNet: msmakela@finuh

           Several  additions and modifications were made to his code to
        support the following families of 6500 processors:

                (1)     650X and 651X processor family
                (2)     65F11 and 65F12 processor family
                (3)     65C00/21 and 65C29 processor family
                (4)     65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 processor family

           The  instruction  syntax of this cross assembler contains two
        peculiarities:  (1) the addressing indirection is denoted by the
        square  brackets  []  and (2) the `bbrx' and `bbsx' instructions
        are written `bbr0 memory,label'.




        AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE L-2
        6500 REGISTER SET


        L.2  6500 REGISTER SET

        The following is a list of the 6500 registers used by AS6500:

                a       -       8-bit accumulator
                x,y     -       index registers


        L.3  6500 INSTRUCTION SET


           The  following  tables  list all 6500 family mnemonics recog-
        nized by the AS6500 assembler.  The designation [] refers  to  a
        required addressing mode argument.  The following list specifies
        the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6500:

                #data           immediate data
                                byte or word data

                *dir            direct page addressing
                                (see .setdp directive)
                                0 <= dir <= 255

                offset,x        indexed addressing
                offset,y        indexed addressing
                                address = (offset + (x or y))

                [offset,x]      pre-indexed indirect addressing
                                0 <= offset <= 255
                                address = contents of location
                                    (offset + (x or y)) mod 256

                [offset],y      post-indexed indirect addressing
                                address = contents of location at offset
                                    plus the value of the y register

                [address]       indirect addressing

                ext             extended addressing

                label           branch label

                address,label   direct page memory location
                                branch label
                                bbrx and bbsx instruction addressing

        The  terms data, dir, offset, address, ext, and label may all be
        expressions.

           Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
        struction, refer to the 65xx technical data for valid modes.


        AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE L-3
        6500 INSTRUCTION SET


        L.3.1  Processor Specific Directives


           The  AS6500  cross  assembler has four (4) processor specific
        assembler directives which  define  the  target  65xx  processor
        family:

                .r6500          Core 650X and 651X family (default)
                .r65f11         Core plus 65F11 and 65F12
                .r65c00         Core plus 65C00/21 and 65C29
                .r65c02         Core plus 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112


        L.3.2  65xx Core Inherent Instructions

                brk                     clc
                cld                     cli
                clv                     dex
                dey                     inx
                iny                     nop
                pha                     php
                pla                     plp
                rti                     rts
                sec                     sed
                sei                     tax
                tay                     tsx
                txa                     txs
                tya


        L.3.3  65xx Core Branch Instructions

                bcc     label           bhs     label
                bcs     label           blo     label
                beq     label           bmi     label
                bne     label           bpl     label
                bvc     label           bvs     label


        L.3.4  65xx Core Single Operand Instructions

                asl     []
                dec     []
                inc     []
                lsr     []
                rol     []
                ror     []


        AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE L-4
        6500 INSTRUCTION SET


        L.3.5  65xx Core Double Operand Instructions

                adc     []
                and     []
                bit     []
                cmp     []
                eor     []
                lda     []
                ora     []
                sbc     []
                sta     []


        L.3.6  65xx Core Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                jmp     []              jsr     []


        L.3.7  65xx Core Miscellaneous X and Y Register Instructions

                cpx     []
                cpy     []
                ldx     []
                stx     []
                ldy     []
                sty     []


        AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE L-5
        6500 INSTRUCTION SET


        L.3.8  65F11 and 65F12 Specific Instructions

                bbr0    [],label                bbr1    [],label
                bbr2    [],label                bbr3    [],label
                bbr4    [],label                bbr5    [],label
                bbr6    [],label                bbr7    [],label

                bbs0    [],label                bbs1    [],label
                bbs2    [],label                bbs3    [],label
                bbs4    [],label                bbs5    [],label
                bbs6    [],label                bbs7    [],label

                rmb0    []                      rmb1    []
                rmb2    []                      rmb3    []
                rmb4    []                      rmb5    []
                rmb6    []                      rmb7    []

                smb0    []                      smb1    []
                smb2    []                      smb3    []
                smb4    []                      smb5    []
                smb6    []                      smb7    []


        L.3.9  65C00/21 and 65C29 Specific Instructions

                bbr0    [],label                bbr1    [],label
                bbr2    [],label                bbr3    [],label
                bbr4    [],label                bbr5    [],label
                bbr6    [],label                bbr7    [],label

                bbs0    [],label                bbs1    [],label
                bbs2    [],label                bbs3    [],label
                bbs4    [],label                bbs5    [],label
                bbs6    [],label                bbs7    [],label

                bra     label

                phx                             phy
                plx                             ply

                rmb0    []                      rmb1    []
                rmb2    []                      rmb3    []
                rmb4    []                      rmb5    []
                rmb6    []                      rmb7    []

                smb0    []                      smb1    []
                smb2    []                      smb3    []
                smb4    []                      smb5    []
                smb6    []                      smb7    []


        AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE L-6
        6500 INSTRUCTION SET


        L.3.10  65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 Specific Instructions

                bbr0    [],label                bbr1    [],label
                bbr2    [],label                bbr3    [],label
                bbr4    [],label                bbr5    [],label
                bbr6    [],label                bbr7    [],label

                bbs0    [],label                bbs1    [],label
                bbs2    [],label                bbs3    [],label
                bbs4    [],label                bbs5    [],label
                bbs6    [],label                bbs7    [],label

                bra     label

                phx                             phy
                plx                             ply

                rmb0    []                      rmb1    []
                rmb2    []                      rmb3    []
                rmb4    []                      rmb5    []
                rmb6    []                      rmb7    []

                smb0    []                      smb1    []
                smb2    []                      smb3    []
                smb4    []                      smb5    []
                smb6    []                      smb7    []

                stz     []
                trb     []
                tsb     []

           Additional  addressing  modes for the following core instruc-
        tions are also available with the 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 pro-
        cessors.

                adc     []                      and     []
                cmp     []                      eor     []
                lda     []                      ora     []
                sbc     []                      sta     []

                bit     []                      jmp     []

                dec                             inc
