Alone Coder's messages to Bruce Gordon about olympiad datings of Socrates Scholasticus Please read all the text before any change in Regnal Chronologies. There is a number of undoubtful bugreports, but I wrote this text for a long time, following Socrates, and trusting his shifts, and only at the end I found that one of the datings denies one of these shifts. I've found a candidate to be first source of your list - it is IDATII EPISCOPI DESCRIPTIO CONSULUM EX QUO PRIMUM ORDINATI SUNT. Ex Codice ms. biblothecae collegii Parisiensis soc. Jesu. Annos ab Urbe condita Varronianos ad oram addidit Labbeus. (Patrologia Latina v.51) http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/chrons/idatcons.htm The same dates, the same skips. (Pseudo-)Idatius couldn't write right Christian dates because he lived in 5th century, before Dyonisius Exiguus. I think that numbers in this list are conjecture. This is confirmed by this fragment: 752 Octaviano XIII et Silano [Al. Silvano]. !!!His conss. natus est Christus die VIII kal. Jan. !!! 753 Lentulo et Pisone. (Aerae Christianae annos deinceps inscribemus margini quibus perpetua methodo additi anni 753 Urbis conditae annos exhibebunt.) 1 C. Caesare et Lucio Paulo. Really, if Idatius thought that Christ was born in consulate "Octaviano XIII et Silano" then THIS consulate (not next to next consulate!) must be 1st a.d. in his list! Thus we see that numbers are conjecture, and we can trust only in order of consulates. "Chronographus Anni 354" contains consulates till 354. It doesn't contradict Idatius. "Consularia Constantinopoliana ad A. 395" is in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctorum Antiquissimorum, t. 9. I haven't access to this issue. 1. Council of Nicaea Socrates: This Synod was convened (as we have discovered from the notation of the date prefixed to the record of the Synod) in the consulate of Paulinus and Julian, on the 20th day of May, and in the 636th year from the reign of Alexander the Macedonian. Regnal Chronologies: 325...Sextus Anicius Faustus Paulinus 276 .........Publius Ceionius Julianus Calculation: Death of Alexander = 323 bc = -322 (spring). Council (also spring) = -322+635 = 313. This may not be, because: 1. Socrates: "In Britain, however, Constantine was proclaimed emperor, instead of his father Constantius, who died in the first year of the two hundred and seventy-first Olympiad, on the 25th of July." (Ol 271.1 = 305/6, we don't know where Socrates starts year of Olympiad, probably in June - then 305, but traditional date is 306.) 2. Eusebius: "... which he had summoned at the famous Bithynian city. That indeed was a triumphal assembly, held in the !!!twentieth year of his reign!!!, an occasion of thanksgiving for victory over his enemies in the very city which bears the name of victory." Conclusion: Socrates uses non-typical date of death of Alexander the Great. We don't know from what date the authors count the number of years of Constantine's reign. Evidently it's before the death of Constantius - compare 305/6 with the next citation of Socrates: 2. Death of Constantine Socrates: The Emperor Constantine lived sixty-five years, and !!!reigned thirty-one!!!. He died in the consulate /"SECOND consulate" in Russian translation/ of Felician and Tartan, on the twenty-second of May, in the second year of the 278th Olympiad. Aurelius Victor (De Caesaribus): Ita anno imperii !!!tricesimo secundoque!!!, cum totum orbem tredecim tenuisset, !!!sexaginta natus atque amplius duo!!!, in Persas tendens, a quis bellum erumpere occeperat, rure proximo Nicomediae — Achyronam vocant — excessit, cum id tetrum sidus regnis, quod crinitum vocant, portendisset. Aurelius Victor (Epitome de Caesaribus): Cumque liberis filioque fratris Delmatio Caesaribus confirmatis !!!tres et sexaginta!!! annos vixisset, ex quibus dimidios ita, ut tredecim solus imperaret, morbo consumptus est. Eusebius (Life of Constantine): HE completed the time of his reign in !!!two and thirty years, wanting a few months and days!!!, and his whole life extended to about twice that period. Regnal Chronologies: 337...Flavius Felicianus 279 .........Fabius Titianus Calculation: Ol 278.2 = 334/5; if May then 335. Conclusion: Socrates agrees with Eusebius and Aurelius Victor in number of years of Constantine's reign (namely 31 odd). "Second" consulate is problem. Maybe Socrates and other ones start the reign of Constantine some before the death of Constantius; or maybe wrong Ol dating given. In Constantine's age the sources contradict each other - for ex., one AureliusVictor gives two ages: 62 and 63. 3. Death of Constantine the Younger Socrates: NOT long after this the brother of the Emperor Constantius, Constantine the younger, who bore his father's name, having invaded those parts of the empire which were under the government of his younger brother Constans, engaging in a conflict with his brother's soldiery, was slain by them. This took place under the consulship of Acindynus and Proclus. Regnal Chronologies: 340... --- Acindynus .........Lucius Aradius Valentinianus Proculus Conclusion: OK 4. Synod at Antioch Socrates: This Synod assembled at Antioch in presence of the emperor Constantius in the consulate of Marcellus and Probinus, which was the fifth year after the death of Constantine, father of the Augusti. Regnal Chronologies: 341...Antonius Marcellinus 280 .........Petronius Probinus Calculation: 5th after 337 is 341/2. Conclusion: OK if Constantine died in 337. Elsewise this consulate must be 339. 5. Murder of Hermogenes Socrates: And when Hermogenes persisted in his efforts to drive out Paul by means of his military force, the people became exasperated as is usual in such cases; and making a desperate attack upon him, they set his house on fire, and after dragging through the city, they at last put him to death. This took place in the consulate of the two Augusti,--that is to say, the third consulship,--Constantius, and the second of Constans: at which time Constans, having subdued the Franks, compelled them to enter into a treaty of peace with the Romans. Regnal Chronologies: 342...Flavius Julius Constantius Junior (Imp. 324-361) [3] .........Flavius Julius Constans (Imp. 337-350) [2] Conclusion: OK if Constantine died in 337. Elsewise this consulate must be 340. 6. Council at Sardica Socrates: it was the eleventh year after the death of the father of the two Augusti, during the consulship of Rufinus and Eusebius, that the Synod of Sardica met. Regnal Chronologies: 347... --- Rufinus ......... --- Eusebius Conslusion: OK if Constantine died in 337. Elsewise this consulate must be 349. 7. Reign of Constans His second son Constantius, who bore his grandfather's name, he constituted Caesar in the eastern division, when the second decade had been completed. And Constans, the youngest, he invested with a similar dignity, in the !!!thirtieth!!! year of his own reign. <...> Affairs having reached this pass, there sprang up a tyrant in the western parts called Magnentius, who by treachery slew Constans, the emperor of the western division of the empire, at that time residing in the Gauls. This being done, a furious civil war arose, and Magnentius made himself master of all Italy, reduced Africa and Libya under his power, and even obtained possession of the Gauls. <...> The conflux of these disastrous events occurred during a short space of time; for they happened in the !!!fourth year after the council at Sardica!!!, during the consulate of Sergius and Nigrinian. When these circumstances were published, the entire sovereignty of the empire seemed to devolve on Constantius alone, who, being accordingly proclaimed in the East sole Autocrat, made the most vigorous preparations against the usurpers. <...> After the Death of Constans, the Western Emperor, Paul and Athanasius are again ejected from their Sees: the Former on his Way into Exile is slain; but the Latter escapes by Flight. The conflux of these disastrous events occurred during a short space of time; for they happened in the fourth year after the council at Sardica, during the consulate of Sergius and Nigrinian. Regnal Chronologies: 350... --- Sergius ......... --- Nigrinianus * Constans (Caesar - West)..................333-337 * Constans (Augustus - Middle to 340, then West).337-350 Calculation: 4th after 347 is 350/1. Socrates dating: Constantine died 335, reigned 31 odd, so 30th is 332/3. RC dating: Constantine died 337, reigned 31 odd, so 30th is 334/5. Conclusion: There's conflict: 334/5 vs 333. 8. Deposing of Photinus Socrates: Of the Western bishops there were present Valens of Mursa, and the then celebrated Hosius of Cordova in Spain, who attended much against his will. These met at Sirmium, after the consulate of Sergius and Nigrinian, !!!in which year no consul celebrated the customary inaugural solemnities!!!, in consequence of the tumults of war; and having met and found that Photinus held the heresy of Sabellius the Libyan, and Paul of Samosata, they immediately deposed him. Regnal Chronologies: 351...(in Gallia) Magnus Magnentius (usurper 350-353) .........Gaiso Conslusion: Insoluble contradiction. There's no such without-consul year in Regnal Chronologies. 9. Suicide of Magnetius Socrates: Magnentius, having reached this city, first slew his own mother; then having killed his brother also, whom he had created Caesar, he at last committed suicide by falling on his own sword. This happened in the !!!sixth!!! consulate of Constantius, and the !!!second!!! of Constantius Gallus, on the fifteenth day of August. Regnal Chronologies: 351...(in Gallia) Magnus Magnentius (usurper 350-353) .........Gaiso 352...Decentius .........Paullus 353...Flavius Julius Constantius Junior (Imp. 324-361) [5] 283 .........Flavius Julius Constantius Gallus (Imp. 350-354) [3] 354...Flavius Julius Constantius Junior (Imp. 324-361) [6] .........Flavius Julius Constantius Gallus (Imp. 350-354) [4] ***Idatius: 352 (Aer. Hisp. 390.) Constantio V et Constantio Caes. 353 Constantio VI et Constantio II. His conss. Magnentius se interfecit in Galliis apud Lugdunum die III id. Aug., et Decentius frater Magnentii laqueo se suspendit XV kal. Septemb. 354 Constantio VII et Constantino [Al. Constantio Gallo] III. His conss. occisus est Constantius Caesar in insula Flanona. Conslusion: Contradiction. Regnal Chronologies don't contain sixth consulate of Constantius within years of Magnentius. Sixth consulate of Constantius Jr, which is given by Regnal Chronologies, is not second consulate of Constantius Gallus. 10. Murder of Gallus Socrates: But not long after he created Julian, the brother of Gallus, Caesar, and sent him against the barbarians in Gaul. It was in the seventh consulate of the emperor Constantius that Gallus, who was surnamed Constantius, was slain, when he himself was a third time consul: and Julian was created Caesar on the 6th of November in the following year, when Arbetion and Lollian were consuls Regnal Chronologies: 354...Flavius Julius Constantius Junior (Imp. 324-361) [6] .........Flavius Julius Constantius Gallus (Imp. 350-354) [4] 355...Flavius Arbitio .........Flavius Lollianus ***Idatius: 354 Constantio VII et Constantino [Al. Constantio Gallo] III. His conss. occisus est Constantius Caesar in insula Flanona. Conslusion: Contradiction. [6][4] instead of [7][3]. 11. Creed of Sirmium Socrates (quoting this Creed): The Catholic Faith was expounded at Sirmium in presence of our lord Constantius, in the consulate of the most illustrious Flavius Eusebius, and Hypatius, on the twenty-third of May. Regnal Chronologies: 359...Flavius Eusebius .........Flavius Hypatius Conslusion: OK 12. Council at Seleucia Socrates: It was at first determined that the bishops should assemble at Nicomedia in Bithynia; but a great earthquake having nearly destroyed that city, prevented their being convened there. This happened in the consulate of Tatian and Cerealis, on the 28th day of August. They were therefore planning to transfer the council to the neighboring city of Nicaea: but this plan was again altered, as it seemed more convenient to meet at Tarsus in Cilicia. Being dissatisfied with this arrangement also, they at last assembled themselves at Seleucia, surnamed Aspera, a city of Isauria. This took place in the same year [in which the council of Ariminum was held], under the consulate of Eusebius and Hypatius Regnal Chronologies: 358... --- Datianus .........Neratius Cerealis 359...Flavius Eusebius .........Flavius Hypatius Conslusion: OK (why "D"?) 13. Eudoxius the bishop of Constantinople Socrates: Eudoxius having been constituted bishop of the imperial city, the great church named Sophia was at that time consecrated, in the tenth consulate of Constantius, and the third of Julian Caesar, on the 15th day of February. <...> /long after/ Eudoxius the bishop of the Arian church who has been in possession of the seat of the Constantinopolitan church for nineteen years, died soon after the emperor's departure from that city, in the third consulate of Valentinian and Valens. Regnal Chronologies: 360...Flavius Julius Constantius Junior (Imp. 324-361) [9] .........Flavius Claudius Julianus Apostata (Imp. 361-363) [3] 370...Flavius Valens (Imp. 364-378) [3] .........Flavius Valentinianus I (Imp. 364-375) [3] * Eudoxius...........................................360-370 **Idatius: 360 Constantino X et Juliano III. His conss. dedicatum est Constantinopoli Dominicum die XV kal. Martias. Conclusion: Contradiction. [9][3] instead of [10][3]. 14. Acacian Synod at Antioch Socrates: The Acacians meanwhile became extremely anxious that another Synod should be convened at Antioch, in consequence of having changed their mind respecting their former assertion of the likeness 'in all things' of the Son to the Father. A small number of them therefore assembled in the following consulate which was that of Taurus and Florentius, at Antioch in Syria, where the emperor was at that time residing, Euzoius being bishop. Regnal Chronologies: 361...Flavius Taurus 285 .........Flavius Florentius * Euzoius............................................360-376 Conclusion: OK 15. Reign of Constantius Socrates: His second son Constantius, who bore his grandfather's name, he constituted Caesar in the eastern division, when the second decade had been completed. <...> /long after/ On arriving at the frontiers of Cappadocia and Cilicia, his excessive agitation of mind produced apoplexy, which terminated his life at Mopsucrene, in the consulate of Taurus and Florentius, on the 3d of November. This was in the first year of the 285th Olympiad. Constantius had lived forty-five years, having reigned thirty-eight years; !!!thirteen!!! of which he was his father's colleague in the empire, and after his father's death for twenty-five years [sole emperor] Regnal Chronologies: 361...Flavius Taurus 285 .........Flavius Florentius Calculation: Ol 285.1 = 361/2; if November then 361. Co-reign = 31 odd - 20 odd = 11+-1 years; Sole (not "sole" by fact - this is wrong conjecture) reign (from May 335 - death of Constantine by Socrates) = 26 years, 5 months. the same in January years: 335 till 361 incl. = 27, incl.beg.,excl.end = 26. (However the beginning may be included to 13 co-reign years (13+25=38), therefore excl. = 25.) the same in September years: 334/5 till 361/2 incl. = 28, incl.beg.,excl.end = 27. (However etc... excl. = 26.) the same in March/vernal-equinox years: 335/6 till 361/2 incl. = 27, incl.beg.,excl.end = 26. (Excl. = 25.) Sole reign (from death of Constantine by Regnal Chronologies and others) = 24 years, 5 months. the same in January years: 335 till 361 incl. = 25, incl.beg.,excl.end = 24. (Excl. = 23.) the same in September years: 334/5 till 361/2 incl. = 26, incl.beg.,excl.end = 25. (Excl. = 24.) the same in March/vernal-equinox years: 335/6 till 361/2 incl. = 25, incl.beg.,excl.end = 24. (Excl. = 23.) Conclusion: Socrates (335) is right only if years are January or March years (see #16), and if middle year is included to co-reign. RC (337) is right only if middle year is included to "sole" reign, but "thirteen" denies that. 16. Death of Julian Socrates: THE Emperor Constantius died on the frontiers of Cilicia on the 3d of November, during the consulate of Taurus and Florentius; Julian leaving the western parts of the empire about the 11th of December following, under the same consulate, came to Constantinople, where he was proclaimed emperor. <...> Thus Julian ended his life in Persia, as we have said, in his fourth consulate, which he bore with Sallust his colleague. This event occurred on the 26th of June, in the !!!third year of his reign!!!, and the seventh from his having been created Caesar by Constantius, he being at that time in the thirty-first year of his age. Regnal Chronologies: 363...Flavius Claudius Julianus Apostata (Imp. 361-363) [4] .........Flavius Sallustius Calculation: 11.Dec.361 to 26.Jun.363 = 1 year, 6 months. the same in January years: 361 till 363 incl. = 3. the same in September years: 361/2 till 362/3 incl. = 2. the same in March/vernal-equinox years: 361/2 till 363/4 incl. = 3. Conclusion: No conflict, but only January or March years may be used. 17. Death of Jovian Socrates: Proceeding thence directly to Constantinople, he arrived at a place named Dadastana, situated on the frontiers of Galatia and Bithynia. There Themistius the philosopher, with others of the senatorial order, met him, and pronounced the consular oration before him, which he afterwards recited before the people at Constantinople. And indeed the Roman empire, blest with so excellent a sovereign, would doubtless have flourished exceedingly, as it is likely that both the civil and ecclesiastical departments would have been happily administered, had not his sudden death bereft the state of so eminent a personage. For disease caused by some obstruction, having attacked him at the place above mentioned during the winter season, he died there on the 17th day of February, in his own and his son Varronian's consulate, in the thirty-third year of his age, after having reigned seven months. Regnal Chronologies: 364...Flavius Jovianus (Imp. 363-364) .........Flavius Varronianus Joviani Conclusion: OK 18. Usurper Procopius Socrates: WHILE Valens was thus occupied in Syria, there arose a usurper at Constantinople named Procopius; who having collected a large body of troops in a very short time, meditated an expedition against the emperor. This intelligence created extreme solicitude in the emperor's mind and checked for a while the persecution he had commenced against all who dared to differ from him in opinion. And while the commotions of a civil war were painfully anticipated, an earthquake occurred which did much damage to many cities. The sea also changed its accustomed boundaries, and overflowed to such an extent in some places, that vessels might sail where roads had previously existed; and it retired so much from other places, that the ground became dry. These events happened in the first consulate of the two emperors. <...> /after #19/ Under the consulate of Gratian and Dagalaifus in the following year, the war was begun. For as soon as the usurper Procopius, leaving Constantinople, began his march at the head of his army toward the emperor, Valens hastened from Antioch, and came to an engagement with him near a city of Phrygia, called Nacolia. In the first encounter he was defeated; but soon after he took Procopius alive, through the treachery of Agilo and Gomarius, two of his generals, whom he subjected to the most extraordinary punishments. The traitors he caused to be executed by being sawn asunder, disregarding the oaths he had sworn to them. Two trees standing near each other being forcibly bowed down, one of the usurper's legs was fastened to each of them, after which the trees being suddenly permitted to recover their erect position, by their rise rent the tyrant into two parts; and thus torn apart the usurper perished. <...> /after #19/ We may here remark that the war against the usurper Procopius was terminated about the end of May, in the consulate of Gratian and Dagalaifus. Regnal Chronologies: 365...Flavius Valens (Imp. 364-378) [1] 286 .........Flavius Valentinianus I (Imp. 364-375) [1] 366...Flavius Gratianus (Imp. 375-383) [1] .........Dagalaifus Conclusion: Regnal Chronologies missed usurper Procopius (365-May 366, as we see). (Erlikhman missed too.) 19. Concil at Lampsacus Socrates: Now those who had been empowered by the emperor to hold a council assembled at Lampsacus in the consulate just mentioned /OF TWO EMPERORS/: this was seven years after the council of Seleucia /359 RC/. Regnal Chronologies: 365...Flavius Valens (Imp. 364-378) [1] 286 .........Flavius Valentinianus I (Imp. 364-375) [1] Calculation: 359+7=366. Conclusion: This place in Socrates must be "in the seventh year after", as in Russian translation. 20. Hail and earthquake Socrates: On the 2d of June of the following year, in the consulate of Lupicin and Jovian, there fell at Constantinople hail of such a size as would fill a maws hand. Many affirmed that this hail had fallen as a consequence of the Divine displeasure, because of the emperor's having banished several persons engaged in the sacred ministry, those, that is to say, who refused to communicate with Eudoxius. During the same consulate, on the 24th of August, the emperor Valentinian proclaimed his son Gratian Augustus. In the next year, when Valentinian and Valens were a second time consuls, there happened on the 11th of October, an earthquake in Bithynia which destroyed the city of Nicaea on the eleventh day of October. This was about twelve years after Nicomedia had been visited by a similar catastrophe. Soon afterwards the largest portion of Germa in the Hellespont was reduced to ruins by another earthquake. Regnal Chronologies: 367...Flavius Lupicinus .........Flavius Jovinus 368...Flavius Valens (Imp. 364-378) [2] .........Flavius Valentinianus I (Imp. 364-375) [2] Conclusion: This Jovinus was Jovianus? 21. Athanasius of Alexandria Socrates: After the Synod /OF NICAEA/, on the Death of Alexander, Athanasius is constituted Bishop of Alexandria. <...> /long after/ But Athanasius, after being engaged in so many and such severe conflicts on behalf of the church, departed this life in the second consulate of Gratian and Probus, having governed that church amidst the greatest perils forty-six years. Regnal Chronologies: 371...Flavius Gratianus (Imp. 375-383) [2] .........Sextus Anicius Petronius Probus * St. Athanasius I...................................328-373 Conclusion: Contradiction. If this consulate is 371 then Athanasius must be 325/6-371. Encarta and Lortz give 328-373, while Erlikhman and Krivushin give 326-2.May.373. 22. Consul St. Ambrose Socrates: In this state of things the governor of the province /MEDIOLANUM/, Ambrose by name, who was also of consular dignity, dreading some catastrophe from the popular excitement, ran into the church in order to quell the disturbance. Regnal Chronologies: ? Conclusion: Must be consul Ambrose, maybe between Gratianus&Probus (see up) and Gratianus&Equitius (see down). But maybe 'consular dignity' means ex- consul (there's no consul Ambrose anywhere in RC). 23. Reign of Valentinian Socrates: THE Emperor Jovian having died, as we have said, at Dadastana, in his own consulate and that of Varronian his son on the 17th of February, the army leaving Galatia arrived at Nicaea in Bithynia in seven days' march, and there unanimously proclaimed Valentinian emperor, on the 25th of February, in the same consulate. <...> /long after/ The violence of his manner and utterance of these words was so great, that all his veins were opened by the effort, and all the arteries ruptured; and from the quantity of blood which thereupon gushed forth he died. This occurred at Bergition Castle, after Gratian's third consulate in conjunction with Equitius, on the seventeenth day of November, Valentinian having lived fifty-four years and reigned !!!thirteen!!!. Regnal Chronologies: 364...Flavius Jovianus (Imp. 363-364) .........Flavius Varronianus Joviani 374...Flavius Gratianus (Imp. 375-383) [3] .........Gaius Equitius Valens 375...Flavius Valentinianus I (Imp. 364-375) [5] .........Flavius Gratianus (Imp. 375-383) [4] Idatius: 375 Post conss. Gratiani III et Aequitii /NO CONSULS THAT YEAR!/ Calculation: 25.Feb.364 till 17.Nov.375 = 11 years, almost 9 months. the same in January years: 364 till 375 incl. = 12. (Excl. end = 11) the same in September years: 363/4 till 375/6 incl. = 13. the same in March/vernal-equinox years: 363/4 till 375/6 incl. = 13. Conclusion: If September or March years then OK (in #16 were January or March years). I suppose January years and consulate of Gratianus&Equitius not 374, but 376 (see #25). 24. Death of Euzoius Socrates: At the same time Euzoius, bishop of the Arians at Antioch, departed this life, in the fifth consulate of Valens, and the first of Valentinian the younger; and Dorotheus was appointed in his place. Regnal Chronologies: 376...Flavius Valens (Imp. 364-378) [5] .........Flavius Valentinianus II (Imp. 383-392) [1] * Euzoius............................................360-376 Conclusion: OK if consulate of Gratianus&Equitius is 375. Elsewise this 376 must be 378. 25. Reign of Valens Socrates: THE Emperor Jovian having died, as we have said, at Dadastana, in his own consulate and that of Varronian his son on the 17th of February, the army leaving Galatia arrived at Nicaea in Bithynia in seven days' march, and there unanimously proclaimed Valentinian emperor, on the 25th of February, in the same consulate. He was a Pannonian by race, a native of the city of Cibalis, and being entrusted with a military command, had displayed great skill in tactics. He was moreover endowed with such greatness of mind, that he always appeared superior to any degree of honor he might have attained. As soon as they had created him emperor, he proceeded forthwith to Constantinople; and thirty days after his own possession of the imperial dignity, he made his brother Valens his colleague in the empire. <...> /long after/ The Emperor Valens arrived at Constantinople on the 30th of May, in the sixth year of his own consulate, and the second of Valentinian the Younger <...> Having at that place again engaged the enemy, who had by this time rallied, he lost his life on the 9th of August, under the consulate just mentioned, and in the fourth year of the 289th Olympiad. Some have asserted that he was burnt to death in a village whither he had retired, which the barbarians assaulted and set on fire. But others affirm that having put off his imperial robe he ran into the midst of the main body of infantry; and that when the cavalry revolted and refused to engage, the infantry were surrounded by the barbarians, and completely destroyed in a body. Among these it is said the emperor fell, but could not be distinguished, in consequence of his not having on his imperial habit. He died in the fiftieth year of his age, having reigned in conjunction with his brother !!!thirteen!!! years, and !!!three!!! years after the death of the brother. This book therefore contains [the course of events during] the space of sixteen years. Regnal Chronologies: 376...Flavius Valens (Imp. 364-378) [5] .........Flavius Valentinianus II (Imp. 383-392) [1] 378...Flavius Valens (Imp. 364-378) [5] .........Flavius Valentinianus II (Imp. 383-392) [2] Calculation: 25.Feb.364 + 30 days = 27.Mar.364. Ol 289.4 = 380/1; if August then 380. Co-reign: 27.Mar.364 till 17.Nov.375 = 11 years, almost 8 months. the same in January years: 364 till 375 incl. = 12. the same in September years: 363/4 till 375/6 incl. = 13. the same in March/vernal-equinox years: 364/5 till 375/6 incl. = 12. Sole reign: 17.Nov.375 till 9.Aug.380 = 4 years, almost 9 months. the same in January years: 375 till 380 incl. = 6, incl.beg.,excl.end = 5. (Excl. = 4.) the same in September years: 375/6 till 379/80 incl. = 5, incl.beg.,excl.end = 4. (Excl. = 3.). the same in March/vernal-equinox years: 375/6 till 380/1 incl. = 6, incl.beg.,excl.end = 5. (Excl. = 4.). If 378 then Jan/Mar years, and inclusive count, but in this case one year will be counted twice. Conclusion: There's misprint in 378. Must be [6]. If Socrates is right there then this consulate is actually 380, and years are September years, and years of sole reign are again exclusive (see #15, but in #15 the years were January or March years). If 375 is actually 376 then years are January or March years (as in ##15, 16), and we use the same count as in #15. But see #23: 375 must be 377; the best explanation is that word "thirteen" is copied from the reign of Valentinian (excl. end, as everywhere), and middle year goes to sole reign (13+3=16, as written). 26. Council of 150 bishops at Constantinople Socrates: Accordingly they were assembled in the month of May, under the consulate of Eucharius /EUCHERIUS in Russian translation/ and !!!Evagrius!!!, and the emperor used his utmost exertions, in conjunction with the bishops who entertained similar sentiments to his own, to bring over Eleusius and his adherents to his own side. They were reminded of the deputation they had sent by Eustathius to Liberius then bishop of Rome Idatius: 381 Syagrio et Eucherio Regnal Chronologies: 381...Flavius !!!Syagrius!!! 290 .........Flavius Eucherius Conclusion: Crazy corruption of name Evargius or of name Syagrius. Both words exist in Greek: Eyagros and Syagros. 27. Baptism of Theodosius; Arians were driven out of Constantinople Socrates: the emperor was most gladly baptized by the bishop Ascholius; and having recovered from his disease not many days after, he came to Constantinople on the twenty-fourth of November, in the fifth consulate of Gratian, and the first of his own <...> Thus the Arians, after having been in possession of the churches for forty years, were in consequence of their opposition to the peace proposed by the emperor Theodosius, driven out of the city, in Gratian's fifth consulate, and the first of Theodosius Angustus, on the 26th of November. The adherents of the 'homoousian' faith in this manner regained possession of the churches. Regnal Chronologies: 380...Flavius Gratianus (Imp. 375-383) [6] .........Flavius Theodosius I (Imp. 379-395) [1] Conclusion: Contradiction: [6][1] instead of [5][1]. This is because of fake consulate of 375. See Idatius: 375 Post conss. Gratiani III et Aequitii 376 Valente Aug. V et Valentiniano juniore Augusto 377 Gratiano !!!IV!!! et Merobaude. 378 Valente VI et Valentiniano II 379 Ausonio et Olybrio 380 Gratiano Aug. !!!V!!! et Theodosio Aug 28. Reign of Gratian Socrates: During the same consulate /of Lupicin and Jovian/, on the 24th of August, the emperor Valentinian proclaimed his son Gratian Augustus. <...> In Italy, Valentinian being still a minor, !!!Probus, a man of consular dignity!!!, had the chief administration of affairs, and was at that time prefect of the Praetorium. /<- THIS SENCENCE IS ABSENT IN RUSSIAN TRANSLATION/ Justina, the mother of the young prince, who entertained Arian sentiments, as long as her husband lived had been unable to molest the Homoousians; but going to Milan while her son was still young, she manifested great hostility to Ambrose the bishop, and commanded that he should be banished. While the people from their excessive attachment to Ambrose, were offering resistance to those who were charged with taking him into exile, intelligence was brought that Gratian had been assassinated by the treachery of the usurper Maximus. In fact Andragathius, a general under Maximus, having concealed himself in a litter resembling a couch, which was carried by mules, ordered his guards to spread a report before him that the litter contained the Emperor Gratian's wife. They met the emperor near the city of Lyons in France just as he had crossed the river: who believing it to be his wife, and not suspecting any treachery, fell into the hands of his enemy as a blind man into the ditch; for Andragathius, suddenly springing forth from the litter, slew him. Gratian thus perished in the consulate of Merogaudes and Saturninus, in the twenty-fourth year of his age, and the !!!fifteenth!!! of his reign. When this happened the Empress Justina's indignation against Ambrose was repressed. Afterwards Valentinian most unwillingly, but constrained by the necessity of the time, admitted Maximus as his colleague in the empire. Regnal Chronologies: 367...Flavius Lupicinus .........Flavius Jovinus 371...Flavius Gratianus (Imp. 375-383) [2] .........Sextus Anicius Petronius Probus 379...Decimus Magnus Ausonius .........Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius 380...Flavius Gratianus (Imp. 375-383) [6] .........Flavius Theodosius I (Imp. 379-395) [1] 381...Flavius Syagrius 290 .........Flavius Eucherius 382...Antonius .........Afranius Syagrius 383...Flavius Merobaudes [2] .........Flavius Saturninus Calculation: 24.Aug.367 till 383 = 16 years (if January/March years, then 17th year). 361 is good by Ol dating. 365&366 are good if 358&359 are good. First year to shift is 367. Shift is proven by Ol dating 380 (RC 378). After 378/80 Socrates lists consulates 379/81, 380/82, 381/83, 383. There we see the problem: 383 MUST be after consulate 381/83, but it MUST be 383 too. If it is 384 then Gratian died in the 16th (not written 15th) year of his reign. Conclusion: This is error by Socrates. Only method to explain Socrates is to exchange some consulates. This is impossible, because Idatius doesn't skip any of consulates in this range of years. 29. Death of Athanaric Socrates: In fact by a special dispensation of Divine Providence the barbarous nations were reduced to subjection under him: and among others, Athanaric king of the Goths made a voluntary surrender of himself to him, with all his people, and died soon after at Constantinople. At this juncture the emperor proclaimed his son Arcadius Augustus, on the sixteenth of January, in the second consulate of Merobaudes and Saturnilus. Regnal Chronologies: 383...Flavius Merobaudes [2] .........Flavius Saturninus * Ariaric with... * Aoric * Geberic * Hermanerich...................................... -376 * To the Huns....................................376-453 * Vinithar * Hunimund * Thorismund * Valamar Erlikhman: T(Th?)erv(w?)ings - ancesors of Balts. Kings of union of Gothic tribes 250-350. 1. Ariarich (c. 180 - 200). 2. Aorich, son (c. 200 - 220). 3. Nidala, son (c. 220 - 50). 4. Ovida (Kniva), son (c. 250 - 80). 5. H(G?)elderich, son (c. 280 - 310). 6. Giberich, son (c. 310 - 50). 7. Athanarich, son (c. 350 - 81, formal king of Goths since 376) assassinated 8. Fritigern, brother (fact. 376 - 80) assassinated 9. Alarich I, son 7 (381 - 411, since 401 king of Visigoths in Italy). Conclusion: RC don't contain Athanaric. Date 381 (Erlikhman) contradicts consuls list (or the list contradicts Erlikhman, or Socrates is wrong - but what is the right source then?). 30. Death of Timothy bishop of Alexandria. Socrates: in the consulate of !!!Richomelius!!! and Clearchus. Under the same consulate, and a little previously, Agelius bishop of the Novatians died. In the year following, wherein Arcadius Augustus bore his first consulate in conjunction with !!!Baudon!!!, Timothy bishop of Alexandria died, and was succeeded in the episcopate by Theophilus. About a year after this, Demophilus the Arian prelate having departed this life, the Arians sent for Marinus a leader of their own heresy out of Thrace, to whom they entrusted the bishopric: but Marinus did not long occupy that position, for under him that sect was divided into two parties, as we shall hereafter explain; for they invited Dotatheus to come to them from Antioch in Syria, and constituted him their bishop. Idatius: 385 Arcadio Aug. et Bautone Regnal Chronologies: 384...Flavius !!!Ricomer!!! .........Flavius Clearchus 385...Flavius Arcadius (Imp. Orient. 395-408) [1] 291; Theodosius prohibits ritual sacrifice in Pagan temples. .........!!!Banto!!! * Timothy I..........................................380-385 Conslusion: The names of consuls somewhat differ. I couldn't find the source of statement: "Theodosius prohibits ritual sacrifice in Pagan temples". 31. The Arians excite a Tumult at Constantinople Socrates: Then the Arians, who had been excessively exasperated by those being put in possession of the churches within the city who had previously been the objects of their persecution, began to augment these rumors by additions of their own. But since the currency of such stories with increasing exaggeration, in time made even the farmers themselves believe them -- for those who had circulated them from hearsay, affirmed to the authors of these falsehoods, that the accounts they had received from them had been fully corroborated elsewhere; then indeed the Arians were emboldened to commit acts of violence, and among other outrages, to set fire to the house of Nectarius the bishop. This was done in the second consulate of Theodosius Augustus, which he bore with Cynegius. Regnal Chronologies: 388...Flavius Theodosius I (Imp. 379-395) [2] .........Cynegius Conclusion: OK 32. Death of usurper Maximus Socrates: As the emperor marched against the usurper the intelligence of the formidable preparations made by him so alarmed the troops under Maximus, that instead of fighting for him, they delivered him bound to the emperor, who caused him to be put to death, on the twenty- seventh of August, under the same consulate /of Theodosius Augustus, which he bore with Cynegius/. Regnal Chronologies: 388...Flavius Theodosius I (Imp. 379-395) [2] .........Cynegius * Magnus Maximus (see also Gaul, Iberia).........383-388 Conclusion: OK 33. Theodosius beats the prostitution in Rome Socrates: Thus did the emperor Theodosius free the city from two of its most discreditable abuses: and when he had arranged all other affairs to his satisfaction, he left the emperor Valentinian at Rome, and rammed himself with his son Honorius to Constantinople, and entered that city of the 10th of November, in the consulate of Tatian and Symmachus. Regnal Chronologies: 391...Tatianus .........Quintus Aurelius Symmachus Conclusion: OK 34. Reign of Valentinian II Socrates: Soon after the conclusion of this war, and under the same consulate /of Gratian and Dagalaifus/, a son was born to Valentinian, the emperor in the Western parts, to whom the same name as his father's was given. <...> This occurred at Bergition Castle, after Gratian's third consulate in conjunction with Equitius, on the seventeenth day of November, Valentinian having lived fifty-four years and reigned thirteen. Upon the decease of Valentinian, six days after his death the army in Italy proclaimed his son Valentinian, then a young child, emperor, at Acincum, a city of Italy. When this was announced to the other two emperors, they were displeased, not because the brother of the one and the nephew of the other had been declared emperor, but because the military presumed to proclaim him without consulting them, whom they themselves wished to have proclaimed. They both, however, ratified the transaction, and thus was Valentinian the younger seated on his father's throne. <...> These two therefore agreed to murder the Emperor Valentinian, having corrupted the eunuchs of the imperial bed-chamber. These, on receiving tempting promises of promotion, strangled the emperor in his sleep. Eugenius immediately assuming the supreme authority in the Western parts of the empire, conducted himself in such a manner as might be expected from a usurper. When the Emperor Theodosius was made acquainted with these things, he was exceedingly distressed, because his defeat of Maximus had only prepared the way for fresh troubles. He accordingly assembled his military forces, and having proclaimed his son Honorius Augustus, on the 10th of January, in his own third consulate a which he bore with Abundantius, he again set out in great haste toward the Western parts, leaving both his sons invested with imperial authority at Constantinople. Regnal Chronologies: 366...Flavius Gratianus (Imp. 375-383) [1] .........Dagalaifus 374...Flavius Gratianus (Imp. 375-383) [3] .........Gaius Equitius Valens 393...Flavius Theodosius I (Imp. 379-395) [3] 293; Theodosius prohibits the Olympic Games. .........Abundantius * Valentinian II (Central)..............383-387,388-392 Conclusion: OK 35. Murder of usurper Eugenius Socrates: The success of the struggle being in this way turned, the usurper threw himself at the emperor's feet, and begged that his life might be spared: but as he lay a prostrate suppliant at the feet [of the emperor] he was beheaded by the soldiers, on the 6th of September, in the third consulate of Arcadius, and the second of Honorius. Regnal Chronologies: 394...Flavius Arcadius (Imp. Orient. 395-408) [3] .........Flavius Honorius (Imp. Occid. 395-423) [2] * Eugenius.......................................392-394 Conclusion: OK 36. Reign of Theodosius Socrates: Having therefore proclaimed him emperor at Sirmium a city of Illyricum in the consulate of Ausonius and Olybrius, on the 16th of January, he divided with him the care of managing the war against the barbarians. <...> Before dinner he was pretty well, and a spectator of the sports; but after he had dined he became suddenly too ill to return to them, and sent his son to preside in his stead; when the night came on he died, it being the seventeenth of January, during consulate of Olybrius and Probus. This was in the first year of the two hundred and ninety- fourth Olympiad. The emperor Theodosius lived sixty years, and reigned !!!sixteen!!!. This book therefore comprehends the transactions of sixteen years and eight months. Regnal Chronologies: 379...Decimus Magnus Ausonius .........Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius 395...Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius .........Anicius Probinus * Theodosius I (East)............................379-395 Calculation: Ol 294.1 = 397/8; if January then 398. 16.Jan.379 till 17.Jan.398 = 19 years. Valens died Ol 289.4 = 380/1; if August then 380. There are 17 years and 5 months in this book, if to count from the end of previous book. Conclusion: Conflict in consulates 379 (must be 381, see #25) and 395 (must be 398). But don't shift it really, see #47. 37. Death of Nectarius of Constantinople Socrates: A short time after Nectarius also, bishop of Constantinople died, during the consulate of Caesarius and Atticus, on the 27th of September. <...> Accordingly John was invested with the episcopal dignity on the 26th of February, under the following consulate, which the Emperor Honorius celebrated with public games at Rome, and Eutychian, then Praetorian prefect, at Constantinople. Regnal Chronologies: 397...Flavius Caesarius .........Nonius Atticus 398...Flavius Honorius (Imp. Occid. 395-423) [4] .........Flavius Eutychianus * St. Nectarius......................................381-397 Conclusion: Shift to 400&401 for #36? 38. Consul Eutropius Socrates: For Eutropius was the chief eunuch of the imperial bed-chamber, and the first of all eunuchs that was admitted to the dignity of consul. <...> By the emperor's order however, for certain offences committed by him, Eutropius, though bearing the consulate, was decapitated, and his name effaced from the list of consuls, that of Theodore his colleague being alone suffered to remain as in office for that year. It is said that John afterwards used the same license towards Gainas also, who was then commander-in-chief of the army; treating him with characteristic rudeness, because he had presumed to request the emperor to assign the Arians, with whom he agreed in sentiment, one of the churches within the city. <...> Gainas having demanded that Saturninus and Aurelian, two of the most distinguished of the senatorial order, and men of consular dignity, whom he knew to be unfavorable to his pretensions, should be delivered up to him, the emperor most unwillingly yielded to the exigency of the crisis; and these two persons, prepared to die for the public good, nobly submitted themselves to the emperor's disposal. <...> The poet Ammonius has also very lately composed another description in verse of the same transactions, which he recited before the emperor in the sixteenth consulate of Theodosius the younger, which he bore with Faustus. This war was terminated under the consulate of Stilicho and Aurelian. The year following, the consulate was celebrated by Fravitus also a Goth by extraction, who was honored by the Romans, and showed great fidelity and attachment to them, rendering important services in this very war. For this reason he attained to the dignity of consul. In that year on the tenth of April there was born a son to the Emperor Arcadius, the good Theodosius. Idatius: 399 Manilio et Theodoro [Al. Manlio Theodoro] V. C. 400 Stilicone v. c. consule /IT'S STRANGE, SEE SOCRATES/ Regnal Chronologies: 399...Eutropius .........Mallius Theodorus ......... [suff.] Gainas 400...Flavius Stilicho [1] .........Aurelianus 401...Flavius Vincentius .........Flavius Fravitta 438...Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [16] .........Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus Conclusion: Shift +3 years for #36? Again that question about consul dignity, now of Saturninus (383?). 39. Second exile of St. John Socrates: Thus he was led into exile by force, and on the very day of his departure, some of the Johannites set fire to the church, which by means of a strong easterly wind, communicated with the senate-house. This conflagration happened on the 20th of June, under the sixth consulate of Honorius, which he bore in conjunction with Aristaenetus. <...> Furthermore as on the 30th of September, in the last-mentioned consulate, there was an extraordinary fall of hail of immense size at Constantinople and its suburbs, it also was declared to be an expression of Divine indignation on account of Chrysostom's unjust deposition: and the death of the empress tended to give increased credibility to these reports, for it took place four days after the hail-storm. <...> BUT Arsacius did not long survive his accession to the bishopric; for he died on the 11th of November under the following consulate, which was Stilicho's second, and the first of Anthemius. In consequence of the fact that the bishopric became desirable and many aspired to the vacant see, much time elapsed before the election of a successor: but at length in the following consulate, which was the sixth of Arcadius, and the first of Probus, a devout man named Atticus was promoted to the episcopate. <...> JOHN taken into exile died in Comana on the Euxine, on the, 14th of September, in the following consulate, which was the seventh of Honorius, and the second of Theodosius. Idatius: 404 Honorio VI et Aristone [Al. Aristaeneto]. Regnal Chronologies: 404...Flavius Honorius (Imp. Occid. 395-423) [6] .........Aristagnetus 405...Flavius Stilicho [2] .........Anthemius 406...Flavius Arcadius (Imp. Orient. 395-408) [6] .........Anicius Petronius Probus 407...Flavius Honorius (Imp. Occid. 395-423) [7] .........Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [2] * St. John I Chrysostom..............................398-404 d. 407 * St. Arsacius.......................................404-405 * St. Atticus........................................406-425 Conclusion: Aristagnetus is misprint. Must be Aristaenetus. Empress Eudoxia, which died 404, isn't listed anywhere. There another Eudoxia exist: Eudoxia (Athenais) (fact. 428-441) [Erlikhman]. 40. Reign of Theodosius II (died outside the margins of Socrates's work) Socrates: The year following, the consulate was celebrated by Fravitus also a Goth by extraction, who was honored by the Romans, and showed great fidelity and attachment to them, rendering important services in this very war. For this reason he attained to the dignity of consul. In that year on the tenth of April there was born a son to the Emperor Arcadius, the good Theodosius. <...> AFTER the death of Arcadius on the first of May, during the consulate of Bassus and Philip, his brother Honorius still governed the Western parts of the empire; but the administration of the East devolved on his son Theodosius the Younger, then only !!!eight!!! years old. <...> Honorius had died on the 15th of August, in the consulate of Asclepiodotus and Marian. <...> When the Emperor Honorius died Theodosius -- now sole ruler -- having received the news concealed the truth as long as possible, misleading the people sometimes with one report, and then with another. Regnal Chronologies: 401...Flavius Vincentius .........Flavius Fravitta 408...Anicius Bassus .........Flavius Philippus 423...Asclepiodotus .........Flavius Avitus Marinianus * Theodosius II..................................408-450 Calculation: 10.Apr.401 till 1.May.408 = 7 years and some days. Conclusion: Conflict. If "eight" is true then there's one more shift in consuls list. Socrates is contemporary of birth and accession of Theodosius! Idatius is not contemporary! 41. Reign of Arcadius Socrates: the emperor proclaimed his son Arcadius Augustus, on the sixteenth of January, in the second consulate of Merobaudes and Saturnilus. Not long afterwards in the month of June, under the same consulate, the bishops of every sect arrived from all places <...> On the 1st of May, Arcadius died, leaving his son Theodosius only eight years old, under the consulate of Bassus and Philip, in the second year of the 297th Olympiad. He had reigned !!!thirteen!!! years with Theodosius his father, and !!!fourteen!!! years after his death, and had then attained the thirty-first year of his age. This book includes the space of twelve years and six months. Regnal Chronologies: 383...Flavius Merobaudes [2] .........Flavius Saturninus 408...Anicius Bassus .........Flavius Philippus * Arcadius.......................................395-408 Calculation: Theodosius died Ol 294.1 = 397/8; if January then 398. Ol 297.2 = 410/1; if May then 411. Co-reign: 16.Jan.383 till 17.Jan.398 = 15 years (if 384 then 14 years). Sole reign: 17.Jan.398 till 1.May.411 = 13 years, 3 months and a half. the same in January years = 14 incl. the same in March years = 15 incl. (Excl. end = 14) the same in September years = 14 incl. Conclusion: Again 3-year shift. If Socrates is right then only March years (excl. end, as everywhere) may be used for counting the duration of reigns. 42. Arian bishop Dorotheus and then St. Cyril The Antiochian church, as we have stated, was divided into three parts: for the Arians had chosen Dorotheus as the successor of their bishop Euzoius; while one portion of the rest was under the government of Paulinus, and the others ranged themselves with Melitius, who had been recalled from exile Lucius, although absent, having been compelled to leave Alexandria, yet maintained the episcopal authority among the Arians of that city; the Homoousians there being headed by Timothy, who succeeded Peter. At Constantinople Demophilus the successor of Eudoxius presided over the Arian faction, and was in possession of the churches; but those who were averse to communion with him held their assemblies apart. <...> DOROTHEUS bishop of the Arians, who, as we have said /I CAN'T FIND WHERE/, was translated by that sect from Antioch to Constantinople, having attained the age of one hundred and nineteen years, died on the 6th of November, in the seventh consulate of Honorius, and the second of Theodosius Augustus. After him Barbas presided over the Arian sect <...> SHORTLY afterwards Theophilus bishop of Alexandria having fallen into a lethargic state, died on the 15th of October, in the ninth consulate of Honorius, and the fifth of Theodosius. A great contest immediately arose about the appointment of a successor, some seeking to place Timothy the archdeacon in the episcopal chair; and others desiring Cyril, who was a nephew of Theophilus. A tumult having arisen on this account among the people, Abundantius, the commander of the troops in Egypt, took sides with Timothy. [Yet the partisans of Cyril triumphed.] Whereupon on the third day after the death of Theophilus, Cyril came into possession of the episcopate, with greater power than Theophilus had ever exercised. For from that time the bishopric of Alexandria went beyond the limits of its sacerdotal functions, and assumed the administration of secular matters. Cyril immediately therefore shut up the churches of the Novatians at Alexandria, and took possession of all their consecrated vessels and ornaments; and then stripped their bishop Theopemptus of all that he had. <...> This /murder of Hypatia by St. Cyril's desire/ happened in the month of March during Lent, in the fourth year of Cyril's episcopate, under the tenth consulate of Honorius, and the sixth of Theodosius. <...> About the same time Barbas bishop of the Arians died, on the 24th of June, under the thirteenth consulate of Theodosius, and the third of Valentinian, and Sabbatius was constituted his successor. Regnal Chronologies: 407...Flavius Honorius (Imp. Occid. 395-423) [7] .........Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [2] 412...Flavius Honorius (Imp. Occid. 395-423) [9] .........Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [5] 415...Flavius Honorius (Imp. Occid. 395-423) [10] .........Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [6] 430...Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [13] .........Flavius Placidus Valentinianus III (Imp. Occid. 425-455) [3] * Dorotheus I (successor to Euzoius).................376-380 d. ? * Theophilus I.......................................385-412 * St. Cyril I........................................412-444 Conclusion: d. 407 (in RC chronology, of course). Barbas and Sabbatius are absent in RC. Maybe Dorotheus needs listing with Constantinople bishops too? Novatian bishops are absent in RC. 43. Chrysanthus bishop of the Novatians. Reunion of Arians Socrates: Sisinnius bishop of the Novatians dying under the same consulate /seventh consulate of Honorius, and the second of Theodosius Augustus/, Chrysanthus was ordained in his place <...> ABOUT this time Chrysanthus bishop of the Novatians, after presiding over the churches of his own sect !!!seven!!! years, died on the 26th of August, under the consulate of Monaxius and Plintha. He was succeeded in the bishopric by Paul <...> The Arians having continued thus divided among themselves during the space of thirty-five years, were reunited in the reign of Theodosius the Younger, under the consulate of Plintha the commander-in-chief of the army, he being a member of the sect of Psathyrians; these were prevailed on to desist from contention. Idatius: 419 Monaxio et Plenta. Regnal Chronologies: 407...Flavius Honorius (Imp. Occid. 395-423) [7] .........Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [2] 419...Monoxius .........Plintas Conclusion: Novatian bishops are absent in RC? Name of Plintas/Plenta/Plintha needs check. "Seven years"!?!?! 44. A Second Overthrow of the Persians by the Romans Socrates: Thus was that war concluded which had been undertaken on account of the suffering Christians in Persia, under the consulate of the two Augusti, being the thirteenth of Honorius, and the tenth of Theodosius, in the fourth year of the 300th Olympiad: and with it terminated the persecution which had been excited in Persia against the Christians. Regnal Chronologies: 422...Flavius Honorius (Imp. Occid. 395-423) [13] .........Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [10] Calculation: Ol 300.4 = 424/5. Conclusion: If again 3-year shift, then this victory happened in first half of 425. If 2-year shift, then this victory happened in second half of 424. 45. Reign of Honorius Socrates: Then also the empress Flaccilla bore him a son named Honorius, on the 9th of September, in the consulate of Richomelius and Clearchus. <...> He /THEODOSIUS/ accordingly assembled his military forces, and having proclaimed his son Honorius Augustus, on the 10th of January, in his own third consulate a which he bore with Abundantius, he again set out in great haste toward the Western parts, leaving both his sons invested with imperial authority at Constantinople. <...> At this point therefore, I shall relate, how a little after the war against the Persians, by placing his confidence in God he vanquished the usurper John, after Honorius had died on the 15th of August, in the consulate of Asclepiodotus and Marian. Idatius: 423 Mariniano et Asclepiodoto. Regnal Chronologies: 384...Flavius Ricomer .........Flavius Clearchus 393...Flavius Theodosius I (Imp. 379-395) [3] 293; Theodosius prohibits the Olympic Games. .........Abundantius 423...Asclepiodotus .........Flavius Avitus Marinianus * Honorius.......................................395-423 Conclusion: Conflict in RC: 393 vs 395. For the order of events, there must be shift again. 46. Atticus and Sisinnius, bishops of Constantinople Socrates: but at length in the following consulate, which was the sixth of Arcadius, and the first of Probus, a devout man named Atticus was promoted to the episcopate. <...> he died on the 10th of October, in the 21st year of his episcopate, under the eleventh consulate of Theodosius, and the first of Valentinian Caesar. The Emperor Theodosius indeed, being then on his way from Thessalonica, did not reach Constantinople in time for his funeral, for Atticus had been consigned to the grave one day before the emperor's arrival. Not long afterwards, on the 23d of the same month, October, the young Valentinian was proclaimed Augustus. <...> Sisinnius was ordained on the twenty-eighth day of February, under the following consulate, which was the twelfth of Theodosius, and the second of Valentinian. <...> Sisinnius having survived his appointment to the bishopric by barely two entire years, was removed by death on the 24th of December, in the consulate of Hierius and Ardaburius. Regnal Chronologies: 406...Flavius Arcadius (Imp. Orient. 395-408) [6] .........Anicius Petronius Probus 425...Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [11] .........Flavius Placidus Valentinianus III (Imp. Occid. 425-455) [1] 426...Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [12] .........Flavius Placidus Valentinianus III (Imp. Occid. 425-455) [2] 427...Hierus .........Ardaburius * St. Atticus........................................406-425 * St. Sisinnius I....................................426-427 * Valentinian III................................425-455 Conclusion: For the order of events, there must be shift again. 47. Nestorius, Maximian, and Proclus, bishops of Constantinople Socrates: After three months had elapsed therefore, Nestorius was brought from Antioch, being greatly lauded by some for his temperance: but what sort of a disposition he was of in other respects, those who possessed any discernment were able to perceive from his first sermon. Being ordained on the 10th of April, under the consulate of Felix and Taurus <...> for his deposition was not revoked, and he was banished to the Oasis, where he still remains. Such was the conclusion of this Synod. These things were done on the 28th of June, under the consulate of Bassus and Antiochus. John when he had returned to his bishopric, having convened several bishops, deposed Cyril, who had also returned to his see: but soon afterwards, having set aside their enmity and accepting each other as friends, they mutually reinstated each other in their episcopal chairs. <...> Maximian, having been ordained on the 25th of October, under the consulate of Bassus and Antiochus, the affairs of the church were reduced to a better ordered and more tranquil condition. <...> Proclus succeeds Maximian Bishop of Constantinople. Maximian, having peacefully governed the church during two years and five months, died Ion the !!!12th of April!!!, in the consulate of !!!Areobindus and Aspar!!!. This happened to be on the fifth day of the week of fasts which immediately precedes Easter. The day of the week was !!!Thursday!!! /Russian text is: "w tak nazywaemyj piatok", piatok means not Thursday, but Friday!/. <...> Proclus the bishop brought back to the Church those who had separated themselves from it on account of Bishop John's deposition, he having soothed the irritation by a prudent expedient. What this was we must now recount. Having obtained the emperor's permission, he removed the body of John from Comana, where it was buried, to Constantinople, in the !!!thirty-fifth!!! year after his deposition. And when he had carried it in solemn procession through the city, he deposited it with much honor in the church termed The Apostles. By this means the admirers of that prelate were conciliated, and again associated in communion with the [Catholic] Church. This happened on the 27th of January, in the sixteenth consulate of the Emperor Theodosius. Regnal Chronologies: 428...Flavius Felix .........Taurus 431...Bassus .........Flavius Antiochus 434...Ariovindus .........Aspar 438...Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [16] .........Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus * Nestorius..........................................428-432 d. 451 * St. Maximianus.....................................431-434 Calculation: 404+35-1=438 12.Apr.434 (RC chronology) is Thursday. Full moon: 9 Apr 434. 12.Apr.435 (RC chronology +1) is Friday. Full moon: 28 Apr 435. 12.Apr.436 (RC chronology +2) is Sunday. Full moon: 17 Apr 436. 12.Apr.437 (RC chronology +3) is Monday. Full moon: 6 Apr 437. Easter by modern rules (formula by Gauss): 434: 15.Apr 435: 31.Mar 436: 19.Apr 437: 11.Apr Conclusion: 431 is misprint. Erlikhman writes 428-431. No shift here, although it must be for order of events. Therefore #41 can't be shifted. 48. Preservation of the Church of the Novatians from Fire Socrates: This occurred on the 17th of August, in the fourteenth consulate of Theorosius, which he bore together with Maximus. Since that time the Novatians annually celebrate the preservation of their church, on the 17th of August, by special thanksgivings to God. Regnal Chronologies: 433...Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [14] .........Petronius Maximus [1] Conclusion: OK 49. Marriage of the Emperor Valentinian with Eudoxia the Daughter of Theodosius. Socrates: He had by the empress Eudocia, his wife, a daughter named Eudoxia. Her his cousin Valentinian, appointed by him emperor of the West, demanded for himself in marriage. When the emperor Theodosius had given his assent to this proposal, and they had consulted with each other as to the place on the frontiers of both empires, where it would be desirable that the marriage should be celebrated, it was decided that both parties should go to Thessalonica (which is about haft-way) for this purpose. But Valentinian sent a message to the effect that he would not give him the trouble of coming, for that he himself would go to Constantinople. Accordingly, having secured the Western parts with a sufficient guard, he proceeded thither on account of his nuptials, which were celebrated in the consulate of Isidore and Sinator Regnal Chronologies: 436...Flavius Anthemius Isidorus .........Senator Conclusion: OK 50. Death of Paul Bishop of the Novatians, and Election of Marcian as his Successor Socrates: A little while after the removal of John's body, Paul bishop of the Novatians died, on the 21st of July, under the same consulate /sixteenth consulate of the Emperor Theodosius/ <...> and on the third day after his death, the paper having been unfolded in the presence of a great number of persons, Marcian's name was found within it, when they all cried out that he was worthy of the honor. Messengers were therefore sent off without delay to bring him to Constantinople. These, by a pious fraud, finding him residing at Tiberiopolis in Phrygia, brought him back with them; whereupon he was ordained and placed in the episcopal chair on the 21st of the same /WHICH THE SAME?/ month. Regnal Chronologies: 438...Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [16] .........Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus Conclusion: OK 51. Thalassius is ordained Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia Socrates: About this same time, under the seventeenth consulate of Theodosius, Proclus the bishop undertook the performance of an act, such as no one among the ancients had done. Firmus bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia being dead, the inhabitants of that place came to Constantinople to consult Proclus about the appointment of a bishop. While Proclus was considering whom he should prefer to that see, it so happened that all the senators came to the church to visit him on the sabbath day; among whom was Thalassius also, a man who had administered the government of the nations and cities of Illyricum. And as it was reported that the emperor was about to entrust the government of the Eastern parts to him, Proclus laid his hands on him, and ordained him bishop of Caesarea, instead of Praetorian Prefect. <...> This last book contains an account of the transactions of !!!thirty- two!!! years: and the whole history which is comprised in seven books, comprehends a period of !!!140 years!!!. It commences from the first year of the 271 Olympiad, in which Constantine was proclaimed emperor; and ends at the second year of the 305th Olympiad, in which the Emperor Theodosius bore his. seventeenth consulate. Regnal Chronologies: 439...Flavius Theodosius II (Imp. Orient. 408-450) [17] .........Festus Calculation: Ol 271.1 = 305/6. Ol 305.2 = 442/3. If we trust Olympiads: 442-305=138 years incl.!?!?! If we trust consulates: 439-305=135 years incl.!?!?!?!?!? Bassus&Philip (408 RC) till Theodosius [17] (439 RC) = 32 incl., as written. Conclusion: Again 3-year shift. Does Socrates use shifted Olympiads since 378? Or Olympiads can stretch or shrink!?!?! I've found no father of Church except Socrates, who used Olympiads over than 250th. So I can't compare the dates of the last Olympiads to find, whether they were not-4-year periods (they must be sometimes shorter to fit the consuls list). But if they were, then, I think, there must be error with another sign: not 138 instead of 140 (-2 years), but +2 years!? * * * Final conclusion: Socrates Scholasticus writes that after the consulate of Sergius and Nigrinian (350) was year "in which year no consul celebrated the customary inaugural solemnities". (Pseudo-)Idatius(http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/chrons/idatcons.htm) agrees: "351 Post conss. Sergii et Nigriniani. His conss. bellum Magnentii fuit Morsa die IV kal. Octob., et eo anno depositus Vetranio VIII kal. Januar., et levatus est Constantius Caesar idus Martias [Chr. Alex. idibus Martiis]: et apparuit in Criente signum Salvatoris die III kal. Febr. luna XXVIII. " Socrates Scholasticus requires 353 a.d. to be "the sixth consulate of Constantius, and the second of Constantius Gallus". (Pseudo-)Idatius writes the same: "352 (Aer. Hisp. 390.) Constantio V et Constantio Caes. 353 Constantio VI et Constantio II. His conss. Magnentius se interfecit in Galliis apud Lugdunum die III id. Aug., et Decentius frater Magnentii laqueo se suspendit XV kal. Septemb. " NB: 352 contains men strictly different from those who are in RC consuls list! Socrates also wants 354 to be 7th consulate of the emperor Constantius and 3rd of Constantius Gallus. (Pseudo-)Idatius writes the same: "354 Constantio VII et Constantino [Al. Constantio Gallo] III. His conss. occisus est Constantius Caesar in insula Flanona. " Socrates wants 360 to be "the tenth consulate of Constantius, and the third of Julian Caesar". (Pseudo-)Idatius agrees again: "360 Constantino X et Juliano III. His conss. dedicatum est Constantinopoli Dominicum die XV kal. Martias. " So I can assert that, although Olympiad datings of Socrates are bad, his consulates (except of that of St. Ambrose) are right. * * * There is error in Regal Chronologies consuls list: 351...(in Gallia) Magnus Magnentius (usurper 350-353) .........Gaiso 352...Decentius .........Paullus 353...Flavius Julius Constantius Junior (Imp. 324-361) [5] 283 .........Flavius Julius Constantius Gallus (Imp. 350-354) [3] 354...Flavius Julius Constantius Junior (Imp. 324-361) [6] .........Flavius Julius Constantius Gallus (Imp. 350-354) [4] See Chronographus Anni 354 (at www.tertullian.org): 351 post Sergio et Nigriniano Mar. XVIII 352 b. Constancio V et Constantio iun. Mer. XXVIII 353 Constancio VI et Constantio II Ven. X 354 Constancio VII et Constantio III Sat. XXII See also Idatii Episcopi Descriptio Consulum: 351 Post conss. Sergii et Nigriniani. His conss. bellum Magnentii fuit Morsa die IV kal. Octob., et eo anno depositus Vetranio VIII kal. Januar., et levatus est Constantius Caesar idus Martias [Chr. Alex. idibus Martiis]: et apparuit in Criente signum Salvatoris die III kal. Febr. luna XXVIII. 352 (Aer. Hisp. 390.) Constantio V et Constantio Caes. 353 Constantio VI et Constantio II. His conss. Magnentius se interfecit in Galliis apud Lugdunum die III id. Aug., et Decentius frater Magnentii laqueo se suspendit XV kal. Septemb. 354 Constantio VII et Constantino [Al. Constantio Gallo] III. His conss. occisus est Constantius Caesar in insula Flanona.